Compare And Evaluate Of The Instrumentalist And Structuralist Theories Of State The WritePass Journal

Compare And Evaluate Of The Instrumentalist And Structuralist Theories Of State Introduction Compare And Evaluate Of The Instrumentalist And Structuralist Theories Of State IntroductionConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This essay compares and evaluates two principal Marxist theories of state, the instrumentalist and the structuralist theories. For the development of insight into the functioning of the capitalist mode of production normally, and the transformation of its system (contemporary capitalism) in and through its moments of economic crisis, and therefore of state, there is a requirement for a dynamic theory of the capitalist state (Jessop, 1978). A state refers to an organized community living under the government which is defined as a unified political system. The government refers to the administrative bureaucracy, the particular group of people controlling the apparatus of the state, the means through which the state power is employed at a given time. States are served by continuous sequences of different governments (Poulantzas, 1976; Miliband, 1965). The instrumentalist position crudely implies that the state serves to enforce and guarantee the stability of the societal class structure in the capitalist system as an instrument in the hands of the ruling class. The functions ascribed to the state are therefore understood with regard to the exercise of power by personnel in strategic positions through this instrument (the state) either directly through manipulation of policies or indirectly through exerting pressure on it. On the contrary, the instrumentalist view fronts the argument that the state can be viewed as being a direct servant of the ruling or capitalist class coming under the direct control of the members of this class in key positions of power in the state, the administrative bureaucracy. The Marxist theories of state highlight the centrality of the state to the capitalist reproduction process. In capitalist societies, it is evident that capitalist social relations are reproduced and the state is therefore implicated in this crucial process of the reproduction of capitalist relations (Jessop, 1982; Jessop, 1978). Such a function ought to be performed by some apparatus, institution or a combination and often many, if not all, of these institutions are either heavily regulated by the state or are state apparatuses themselves (Jessop, 1977; Mandel, 1971). The state therefore emerges as the node in the network of power relations characteristic of contemporary capitalist societies and hence becomes the key focus of attention for Marxists. Capital is fragmented into numerous competing units and yet is reliant on crucial generic conditions that have to be satisfied for profits to be secured and surplus value extracted from labor (Ross and Trachte, 1990). A capitalist economy unregulated by the state, a truly free market, and characterized by the multitude of competing capital is inherently unstable and prone to crisis. It suffers contradictions and steering problems that can never be resolved unless regulation is instituted to manage the conflicting interests (Jessop, 1982). Continual accumulation eventually threatens the stability of the capitalist economic system itself and its modes of production (Wright, 1977; Poulantzas, 1976). The state must of necessity intervene within this risk-prone economy to secure ideal conditions conducive for continued capitalist production, supremely regulating the economy and safeguarding the circuit of capital (Sweezy, 1942). With regard to the instrumentalist theory, Paul Sweezy (1942) notes that the state is, an instrument in the hands of the ruling class for enforcing and guaranteeing the stability of the class structure itself (p. 243). Miliband (1983) affirms this theory identifying the class that rules in a capitalist society to be one that owns and controls the means of production and which is able, by virtue of the economic power thus conferred upon it, to use the state as its instrument for the domination of society (p.23). These concepts follow Marxs famous Dictum in The Communist Manifesto which states that the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the affairs of the whole bourgeoisie (Miliband, 1965). Miliband makes the conception of the state as non-existent, but as a conceptual reference point standing for â€Å"a number of particular institutions which, together, constitute its reality, and which interact as parts of what may be called the state system† (Miliband, 1983, p. 49). He emphasizes that state power lies in these institutions and through them, the people occupying leadership positions in each of them wield this power in different manifestations (Miliband, 1983, p. 54). The basic thesis of this perspective is that in modern economies, capitalists have the ability to formulate policies that represent their interests in the long-term, as well as to ensure, through institutions of the state, that the policies are adopted, implemented and enforced (Stone, 1971). The modern state, in this regard, is dominated by the capitalist class and serves the interests of the capitalism. Under the capitalist system, specific organizations of government, culture society and the economy, often in competition, institutionalize the control of key resources which typically consist of wealth, status, force and knowledge. The instrumentalist approach thus views the organized possession, ownership and control of these key resources in any society as the basis for the exercising of power. Institutions enable the organization of power in a society, vesting individuals occupying positions of authority within them such as the board of directors and executive officers the capacity to make decisions regarding the deployment of key resources owned or controlled by the institution. Government also bestows authority on its public officials to employ administrative coercion or force wherever needed against anyone who fails to comply with the law (Stone, 1971; Domhoff, 1990). The individuals occupying these positions of authority control different types of power which can be characterized as economic, political or ideological. Power can thus be imputed to these particular groups of individuals in light of their control of key resources, with wealth and income (capital) often the generalizable source of power in a capitalist society (Stone, 1971; Domhoff, 1990; Miliband, 1970). Normally, the capitalist class has the ability to mobilize key resources and to deploy them more efficiently and with greater capacity than other classes in society which is the theoretical basis for Miliband’s postulate that â€Å"the ruling class which owns and controls the means of production and which is able, by virtue of the economic power thus conferred upon it, to use the state as an instrument for the domination of society† (Laclau, 1975). The capitalist class is in essence an economic network overlapping between and based upon institutional position such as management and property relations such as ownership (Mandel, 1971; Miliband, 1983). The corporate elite in modern economies, for instance, wield immense economic power through their authority over resource allocation within individual firms and the deployment of the same resources towards other diverse, wide-reaching goals such as political, educational and cultural goals (Domhoff, 1990; von Braunmuhl, 1978 ). This approach is founded on the assumption that capitalist societies are prone to crises inherently, which originate in the regular economic stagnation cycles and/or continual conflicts between capital and labour precipitating class wars (Gold et al., 1975). Poulantzas argues that the capitalist mode of production in its basic structure brings forth class practices that tend to contradict and crisis tendencies that inevitably lead to the disruption of the capitalist system, a situation which necessitates the involvement of a separate structure that serves to maintain the system restoring its equilibrium (Laclau, 1975; Jessop, 1977). Due to these, structuralists argue for the necessity of the state to intervene politically to mediate class struggles and to maintain economic stability in capitalist societies (Sweezy, 1942; Gold et al., 1975; Poulantzas, 1978). Poulantzas (1976) argues that in the capitalist mode of production, the general function of the state, is ideally as the regula ting factor of its global equilibrium as a system† (p.45). The structuralist theory disputes the idea fronted in the instrumentalist position outlined above taking the position that through the crucial influence of individuals in control the institutions of the state, have to function in ways that the general viability of capitalism is ensured into the future. It views the mode of production in a capitalist system specifically as a form of capitalism, not because members of the capitalist class hold state power in the powerful positions, but because the state, in its institutions (legal, political and economic) produces the logic of capitalist structure (Gold et al., 1975; Poulantzas, 1976). From a structural perspective therefore, it would be argued that institutions of the state, which include the legal institutions, function to serve the long-term interests of capital and capitalism, unlike what appears to be fronted by the instrumentalist perspective, which appears to focus on the short-term interests of the leading capitalist class (Poulantzas, 1980). The structuralist fraternity thus argues that the state and its constituent institutions have some degree of independence from the elite in the capitalist or ruling class. As summarized by Ernest Mandel (1971), the protection and reproduction of the basic fundamental relations of production, the social structure of societies in a capitalist system, form the function of the state as far as this is not attained automatically through the processes of the economy. Consequently, in their approach, structuralists front the argument that state policies and institutions are best understood through their function in maintaining the capitalist system. The relationships that organize the production and distribution of commodities, essentially, private property and the market constitute the economic structure of a capitalist society (Stone, 1971; Ross and Trachte, 1990). The political structure consists of the institutionalized power of the state while the ideological instance refers to the collective thought systems and the subjective consciousness of individual actors existing in a given society (Poulantzas, 1976; Laclau, 1975). Structuralists advance the idea that the modes of production can be analyzed regarding the interrelations of functions between these economic, ideological, and political structures essential for the sustenance of a particular mode of production (Jessop, 1982; Offe, 1972; Przeworski and Wallerstein, 1982). A capitalist society is considered stable when all these structures, as a cohesive system, function to maintain relations of production and hence the ability, in the capitalist system, to appropriate surplus value from workers. However, structuralists note that as a result of the capitalist system’s internal development, there are a variety of contradictions that are constantly at work within the system including economic crisis, class struggles and uneven development which generate crises of capital accumulation, as well as simultaneously undermining the domination of the ruling class (Wright,1977; Poulantzas, 1978). This is what Marx posits as â€Å"the tendency for the rate of profit to fall† (Jessop, 1978) Competing factions are created by the practice of capital accumulation which generates fragmentation among the classes (Offe, 1972; Hall, 1980). Poulantzas maintains that uneven development results in an unstable equilibrium between economic, political and ideological instances (Poulantzas, 1978; Przeworski and Wallerstein, 1982). Structural equilibrium is therefore maintained by the state acting as a mediator preserving and enhancing capitalist interests through interventionist policies and institutional reforms. The modalities of the state constitute political functions insofar as their objective of operation is to maintain and stabilize a society in which the capitalist class dominates and exploits (Wright, 1977; Gold et al., 1975). At the heart of the debate between the two theories is the concept of state power which unlike instrumentalist theorists, structuralists generally insist that it is not merely reducible to governmental institutions (economic, political or ideological) and state personnel. These, Poulantzas argues, have no power or cannot exercise power, but are arenas through which political power can be exercised and thereby exist by virtue of their role and function in a capitalist society (Poulantzas, 1978; 1976). He observes that the structure does not refer to the simple principle of organization that is external to the institution, the concrete social institutions making up a society, but refers to the systematic function of interrelationships among the institutions to the production of surplus-value and appropriation (Poulantzas, 1980; Sweezy, 1942). Defining state power as the capability of a social class to attain its objectives through state apparatus, which he also defines as â€Å"the unity of effects of state power (i.e. policies) and the network of institutions and personnel through which the state function is executed,† Poulantzas (1978; Laclau, 1975) emphasizes the unity of function between the power of the state and its apparatus with the latter conceived to intrinsically include functions executed through state institutions by state personnel. The main indicators of state power objective are the influences of state policies on the accumulation of capital and the class structure (Poulantzas, 1976; Sweezy, 1942). Under the structural view, notwithstanding their personal affiliations or beliefs and due to the logic of the capitalist system, state bureaucrats are constrained to act on behalf of capital (Stone, 1971). The state’s fiscal functioning and therefore legitimacy is dependent on and constrained by the economy and of necessity, therefore, serves the interests of the capitalist class (Stone, 1971; Sweezy, 1942). Also noteworthy, policies of state and its stability are central to the creation of a favorable business climate and the confidence that sustains investments and therefore economic growth (Stone, 1971; Gold et al., 1975). Through these assertions, Poulantzas claim that, in a capitalist system, political power has its constitution outside the state apparatus in the relations of production, the private control of assets of production, is founded. The conception of the functioning of the state going against bourgeoisie interests is thus deemed impossible, as it would imply th e removal of its basis of power and control of the means of production. In the relations of production, the ability to locate power outside of the state poses a serious challenge to the instrumentalist perspective of the state apparatus as the repository of state power (Laclau, 1975). While Miliband seeks to expose the dominant bourgeois ideology with his critique of its mythology, he however entertains the bourgeois assumptions about the state particularly that power resides in the personnel of the state rather than in the state apparatus. He focuses on class in terms of inter-subjective relationships and on the state in terms of interpersonal alliances, connections and networks of the state elite (Laclau, 1975; Ross,   1979). Poulantzas, in his support of the structuralist theory, differs with this view fronting the objective structural reality of social classes and the state, with the class being objective structural locations within the relations of production, and the state being the structure, form and function of the this capitalist institution (Poulantzas, 1978; Przeworski and Wallerstein, 1982). Being agency- or personnel- centered and viewing the state as a custodian of capital, instrumentalism views the state as an instrument which is manipulated and steered according to the interests of the ruling elite or dominant class. This perspective asserts the pivotal superiority of agency, the individuals’ conscious actions and social interests/ forces, over structure. Personnel of the state are thus afforded dominance over the capitalist apparatus – the form and function of the state. The foundation of this perspective lay in Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skopols argument that an instrument has no will of its own and thus is capable of action only as an extension of the will of some conscious actor† (Domhoff, 1990, p.42). This implies that the action of the state as an instrument under the control of the capitalist class has its origin in the purposive and conscious efforts of capitalists as a class in the structure (Domhoff, 1990; Stone, 1971). Conclusion Instrumentalism assumes primarily that through its ownership and control of the means of production, the capitalist class rules. Socialization, interpersonal connections and networks tie this class to the state and the state is used as an instrument to dominate the rest of society. Thus it is not guaranteed that the state is engaged in the reproduction of capitalist social and economic relations, rather, a situation can arise contingent upon the dominance of the capitalist ruling elite within capitalist society, and its personal ties to the members of the state apparatus. In marked contrast, structuralism emphasizes the underlying importance of structures over agents and their intentions. Agents are regarded as having minimal capacity to influence the objective structures they bear. This perspective is structure- or state-centered, and views the state as acting in the interest of the ruling class collectively in the long term. The capitalist state’s form and function are essentially determined independent of the intentions, motivations and aspirations of members of the dominant class or political actors. The outcome of this is a political and economic system that retains the capitalist nature and turns state personnel into mere functionaries executing policies that are imposed upon them by the capitalist system. However, it is evident that the state does not always dominate as it is often necessary in modern economies for businesses and elites to communicate with policymakers through avenues such as lobbying, campaign contributions and/or consulting which are considered to be transmission belts between capital and the state. With this view, the power structure emphasized by an instrumentalist approach can at least have some influence affecting whether or not the state exerts its full capacities on behalf of capital. The subsidiary mechanisms that this view emphasizes turn out to be required for the effective functioning of the major mechanisms pointed out by structuralists. References Domhoff, W., 1990. The Power Elite and the State. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Gold, D., Y., Clarence, H., Lo, and Wright, 1975. Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State, Part II. Monthly Review 27, no. 6 (November): 36-51. Hall, S., 1980. ‘Nicos Poulantzas: State, Power, Socialism’ New Left Review I/119 Jessop, B., 1978. â€Å"Marx and Engels on the State’ in Sally Hibbin (ed.) Politics, Ideology and the State.† In: Bobbio, Norberto ‘Is There a Marxist Theory of the State?’ Telos 35 Jessop, B., 1977. Recent Theories of the Capitalist State. Cambridge Journal of Economics 1: 353-72. Jessop, B., 1982. The Capitalist State: Marxist Theories and Methods. New York: New York University Laclau, E., 1975. ‘The Specificity of the Political: The Poulantzas Miliband Debate’ Economy and Society 5:11 Mandel, E., 1971. The Marxist Theory of the State. New York: Pathfinder Press. Miliband, R., 1965. ‘Marx and the State’ Socialist Register 2 http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5961 Miliband, R., 1983. ‘State Power and Class Interests’ New Left Review I/183 Miliband, R., 1973. ‘Poulantzas and the Capitalist State’ New Left Review I/82 Miliband, R., 1970. ‘The Capitalist State – Reply to N. Poulantzas’ New Left Review I/59 Offe, C., 1972. Political Authority and Class Structures: An Analysis of Late Capitalist Societies. In: International Journal of Sociology, 2: 73-108. Poulantzas, N., 1976. The Capitalist State. New Left Review 95: 63-83. Poulantzas, N., 1978. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: Verso Poulantzas, N., 1978. Political Power and Social Classes. London: Verso Poulantzas, N., 1980. State, Power, Socialism. London: Verso Poulantzas, N., 1980. Capitalism and Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Przeworski, A., and M., Wallerstein, 1982. The Structure of Class Conflict in Democratic Capitalist Societies. In: American Political Science Review 76, no. 2 Oune): 215-38. Ross, Nicos Poulantzas, Euro communism, and the Debate on the Theory of the Capitalist State. In: Socialist Review 44 (March): 143-58. Ross, R., and K., Trachte, 1990. Global Capitalism: The New Leviathan. Albany: SUNY Press Stone, A., 1971. Modern Capitalism and the State: How Capitalism Rules. In: Monthly Review 23, no. 1 (May): 31-36. Sweezy, P., 1942. The Theory of Capitalist Development. New York: Monthly Review Press. von Braunmuhl, C., 1978. On the Analysis of the Bourgeois Nation State within the World Market Context. An Attempt to Develop a Methodological and Theoretical Approach. In John Holloway and Sol Picciotto, eds., State and Capital: A Marxist Debate, pp. 160-77. Austin: University of Texas Press, Wright, 1977. Alternative Perspectives in Marxist Theory of Accumulation and Crisis. In Jesse Schwartz, ed., The Subtle Anatomy ofCapitalism, pp. 195-231. Santa Monica, : Goodyear Publishing Co.

An Idealized Model in Physics

An Idealized Model in Physics I once heard an acronym for the best pieces of physics advice I ever got: Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS). In physics, we are typically dealing with a system that is, in reality, very complex. For an example, lets consider one of the easiest physical systems to analyze: throwing a ball. Idealized Model of Throwing a Tennis Ball You throw a tennis ball into the air and it comes back, and you want to analyze its motion. How complex is this? The ball isnt perfectly round, for one thing; it has that weird fuzzy stuff on it. How does that affect its motion? How windy is it? Did you put a little bit of spin on the ball when you threw it? Almost certainly. All of these things can have an impact on the motion of the ball through the air. And those are the obvious ones! As it goes up, its weight actually changes slightly, based on its distance from the center of the Earth. And the Earth is rotating, so perhaps that will have some bearing on the relative motion of the ball. If the Suns out, then theres light hitting the ball, which may have energy repercussions. Both the Sun and the Moon have gravitational effects on the tennis ball, so should those be taken into account? What about Venus? We quickly see this spiraling out of control. Theres just too much going on in the world for me to figure out how all of it impacts on me throwing the tennis ball? What can we do? Use in Physics In physics, a model (or idealized model) is a simplified version of the physical system that strips away the unnecessary aspects of the situation. One thing that we dont typically worry about is the physical size of the object, nor really its structure. In the tennis ball example, we treat it as a simple point object and ignore the fuzziness. Unless its something were specifically interested in, well also ignore the fact that its spinning. Air resistance is frequently ignored, as is wind. The gravity influences of the Sun, Moon, and other heavenly bodies are ignored, as is the impact of light on the surface of the ball. Once all of these unnecessary distractions are stripped away, you can then begin focusing on the exact qualities of the situation that youre interested in examining. To analyze the motion of a tennis ball, that would typically be the displacements, velocities, and gravity forces involved. Using Care With Idealized Models The most important thing in working with an idealized model is to make sure that the things youre stripping away are things that are not necessary for your analysis. The features that are necessary will be determined by the hypothesis that youre considering.   If youre studying angular momentum, the spin of an object is essential; if youre studying 2-dimensional kinematics, it may be able to ignore it. If youre throwing a tennis ball from an airplane at high altitude, you may want to take into account wind resistance, to see if the ball hits a terminal velocity and stops accelerating. Alternately, you may want to analyze the variability of gravity in such a situation, depending on the level of precision you need. When creating an idealized model, make sure that the things youre eliminating are traits that you actually want to eliminate from your model. Carelessly ignoring an important element isnt a model; its a mistake. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Quantitative data analysis( By using IBM SPSS ) Essay

Quantitative data analysis( By using IBM SPSS ) - Essay Example It helps to identify the case that has the outlying values. When the initial_output and final_output is taken together for a study, we must examine whether there are outliers in both these variables, unlike there is only one outlier in initial_output so that we can omit both of those extreme cases coming out of initial_output and final_output for any further analysis (like correlations, regression etc..) so that the statistical analyses would be perfect. The following tables and diagrams depict the same. Now by analysing the final_input and final_output variables together, we observe that only case number 58 is the outlier, shown in both the initial_output and final_output box plots. So we can omit that entry for analysis involving the variables initial_output and final_output. Interpretation: From the above t-table, we observe that there is a significant difference between the initial_output and final_output (t value is significant with probability 0.000) which indicates that the training programme is effective. From the above box plot, it is observed that the final output of the case number 58 is outlier, which indicates that in one weeks training programme, the output of case number 58 has tremendously improved in one week training programme compared to the other respondents. Also we notice that case numbers 37 and 55 are extreme low outliers in 1 week training programme. There is no effect of training programme for these outliers. Interpretation: From the above output, we observe that the final output of 1 week training programme is tremendously appreciable when compared to other training conditions ie. 1 day training programme or no training programme. The homogeneous subsets indicate that there is a significant difference between the 1 day and 1 week training programmes but there is no significant difference in the final output between

Programming - Graphical User Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Programming - Graphical User Interface - Essay Example The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the most popular implementation of a Direct Manipulation Interfaces (DMIs) which presents users with a model of their information space and users can manipulate their information by direct action. Since GUI makes use of â€Å"visual objects to implement its model therefore the user can manipulate these objects via a mouse or another pointing device. The User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) are implemented mainly as GUIs so that the interface governs the entire system and not just a single application† (Daniel, Maurice & Thomas, para. 10). The â€Å"Graphical User Interface (GUI)† term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented alpha-numeric characters and usually comprised of commands. With earlier interactive user interfaces, the computer had dull appearance and had very brief responses. We had to remember the computer commands too. The typical example of user-computer interface is the user interface of DOS operating system which is still used to from Windows operating system. The GUI utilizes the graphical objects to replace and/or supplement alpha-numeric user interfaces. In this way, graphical user interface enhances the end-user's and/or application programmer's productivity. Well- designed graphical user interface can free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know the command language (Hoffmann, para.6-8).

Managerial Economics Essay Example for Free

Managerial Economics Essay Identify the fixed and variable inputs. The firms w x L is fixed through out the production process, so $300 is the fixed cost. Firms, cost of capital r x K is the variable cost. It is variable through out the production process. Gus Bonilla MBA 217 Managerial Economics Individual Assignment b. What are the firm’s fixed costs? Cost of labor is the Firms fixed costs, it is equal to $300 c. What is the variable cost of producing 475 units of output? The variable cost are $75 x 6 = 0 d. How many units of the variable input should be used to maximize profits? Profit maximization is achieved when MR=MC. Since the firm runs in a competitive market MR=Price= $2. MC=MR, achieved in between 450 and 475 units of out put, and minimum ATC is achieved at 450 units. So, profit maximizing output is at around 450 units e. What are the maximum profits this firm can earn? Profit is maximized at 450 units of output. TR= 900 TC= 675 Profit= TR- Tc = 900- 675 = $225 f. Over what range of the variable input usage do increasing marginal returns exist? Increasing marginal returns from point 0 units of VC to 3 units. Gus Bonilla MBA 217 Managerial Economics Individual Assignment g. Over what range of the variable input usage do decreasing marginal returns exist? From unit #4 of Variable input (K) onwards there will be decreasing marginal returns h. Over what range of input usage do negative marginal returns exist? From input units 7th onwards there will be negative returns, as the firm incurs losses from this point. Where its ATC is higher than the MR. ) Explain the difference between the law of diminishing marginal returns and the law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution? Law of diminishing marginal returns: According to the law of diminishing marginal returns, the margin product will fall if we decide to add more inputs. ?In other words, In a production system, having fixed and variable inputs, keeping the fixed inputs constant, as more of a variable input is added, each additional unit of input yields less and less additional output. Law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution: This law suggests that it takes a large amount of capital to replace a unit of labor when capital use is high but little labor is used. As labor becomes more abundant and capital becomes scarcer, however, less capital is required to replace an additional unit of labor. In other words, the law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution indicates that it is relatively difficult to replace additional quantities of an input when the level of that input becomes relatively low.

Gun Use Must Be Strictly Regulated Essay examples -- Gun Control, Pers

Human life is priceless and cannot be exchanged. With logic, one can conclude that any action taken to steal a human’s life must be forced out of the community that we live in. Drugs, guns, and alcohol are all detrimental to human beings. Among them all, however, guns are known to have the most direct impact on human lives. Many murders have been made, many threats, and suicides. Many cases have been able to take place because of guns. Therefore, gun control must definitely take place in the society that we live in today. Then, why do some people desire the country to require everyone to have a gun in their homes? Why is it that they want the guns to lie around as if they were nothing dangerous? First, because they believe guns will reduce the crime rate; second, because the people who use the guns are the ones who kill, not the guns; and third, because guns are necessary to play a popular sport. All these three reasons to oppose gun control can be argued against. On the other hand, gun control is absolutely necessary because first, the only function of a gun is to kill, second, g...

Conformity and Censorship on Society Essay

â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†, by Ray Bradbury, is a story about a society where the government controls the thoughts, and actions of the citizens. Bradbury’s futuristic society has no past and is completely empty. The works and knowledge created in the centuries before, banished and burned. His world contains no beauty, no love, and is completely monitored and controlled by an overbearing and cruel government. Through the depiction of this society, Bradbury comments on the horrific effects of censorship on the souls of human beings. As well as the loss of humanity at the hands of a government that enforces mass conformity. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†, all pieces of writing are considered unnecessary and illegal because they supposedly cause unrest in the general public. Similarly, individualism is also discouraged and the mind is meant for mundane and boring acts of repetition and routine. Bradbury’s future world is emotionless and blinded to the fact that the civilization is rapidly progressing toward complete destruction. Bradbury is a skilled storyteller and intricately parallels his fictional world with modern day society. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is a carefully constructed warning about the potential future of the world if it continues to misuse censorship, technology, and enforce conformity. The story of â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† was based on the current events in United States during the 1950s. Jack Zipes, in Mass Degradation of Humanity and Massive Contradictions in Bradbury’s Vision of America in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†, explains â€Å"â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is discussed in terms of the world’s problems at large when it is essentially bound to the reality of the early 1950s in America, and it is the specificity of the crises endangering the fabric of American society which stamp the narrative concern† (182). The second world war prompted many writers to turn from fantasy fiction to works that dealt with the more serious issues of the time. This was a time when scientists had just discovered and used the atom bomb. For the first time the citizens of the world had to take seriously that idea that with a single technology the entire planet could be destroyed (56). Bradbury’s hatred for such technology can be seen in the novel. Technologies are often described as â€Å"chilling, impersonal gadgets of mechanized anti-culture† (141). In addition, the television was now a common household item used not just for entertainment but also as a means of communicating the daily news. The obsession of mindless entertainment irritated Bradbury, and the citizens of his fictionally world are equally as mindless. As the popularity of the television increased the reading of books decreased. Bradbury, in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† shows what would happen in a world where literature ceased to exist. The United States was also suffering through misinformed McCarthyism which persecuted supposed communists who wanted to overthrow the government (McGiveron 283). The governmental actions were illegal and unconstitutional and yet they continue to destroy lives with paranoia and power (Zipes 189). Therefore, Bradbury used the forum of a science fiction novel to voice his concerns about the world. He believed that censorship in any form was wrong and the burning of books was really the destruction of knowledge, ideas, and individuality. Bradbury forewarns that if society is to become docile and submissive the government could easily manipulate minds and lives. George Slusser, in Coordinates: Placing Science Fiction and Fantasy, writes â€Å"Although librarians and teachers fought back, the pressure for censorship increased. † (Slusser, Rabkin, and Scholes 104). Oddly enough, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† has been banned from books shelves and schools since it’s publication. In Bradbury’s futuristic world, the burning of books is normal and the citizens accept this reality without question. People have become mindless, empty beings, at the sole control of their government. Captain Betty reflects â€Å"[Fire’s] real beauty is that it destroys responsibility and consequences. A problem gets too burdensome, then into the furnace with it† (115). He represents the typical citizens in this world that is forced into conformity so long that he is happy to comply. Conformity is seen as the solution to the world’s problems. Keith Booker, in Dystopian Literature: A Theory and Research Guide, observes â€Å"throughout â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† he emphasizes the voluntary participation of the populace in the oppressive policies of the government. â€Å"(89). If there are no differences then there is no conflict, no war, and unfortunately no variety. The unfortunate consequence is that in a world with no pain there can not be happiness. Manipulation through fear is not a fictional concept that Bradbury created. It was real in the 1950s when this novel was published and it is real today (Booker 82) . Just six years ago, the citizens of the United States were manipulated by the government. An act was created in the dark days following the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. It was created to allow the agencies of law enforcement and intelligence to have more authority in order to prevent any future attacks by terrorists on the United States. Additionally, it made available monitoring tools within the United States to aggressively address the Bush administration’s domestic war on terrorism. The draft title of the act was â€Å"Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001†. However, today it is better known as the USA Patriot Act. The Patriot Act was responsible for drastic changes in over 15 important government and constitutional statues. All which lead to the increased ability of the government and law enforcement to secretly monitor, conduct surveillance, and investigate anyone at anytime. The fictional world of Bradbury and out modern society reacted in the same way to violence – handing over our freedoms for a bit of pseudo-safety. The use of propaganda is also used by the government to control it’s citizens. Eric Rabkin, in No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction, asserts â€Å"The mass of humanity is subjected to the labor process for the purposes of those who control it rather than for any general purposes of ‘humanity’ as such† (123). The incident in the subway is an excellent example of this control. There is a commercial on the subway speaker system for ‘Denham’s Dentrifice’ and as it plays, everyone one the subway is reciting the commercial from memory and the â€Å"words was recreated on the passengers’ lips† (78-80). Censorship is central theme in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†. Censorship leads to the hiding of the truth. Symbolic of this censorship is the flamethrower which is used to burn books and the houses that contain them ( Slusser, Rabkin, and Scholes 105). It is a way in which the government great rid of individuality and what is considered â€Å"dangerous thought. † The flamethrowers are used by the firemen who are mindless government agents who destroy people’s most valuable possessions each and everyday. It is a weapon of fear used to control individuals in this society. It is this type of technology that Bradbury is most afraid of. He describes their power by explaining â€Å"With the brass nozzle in [Montag’s] fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. † (3). Bradbury is quick to mention that the knowledge and literature that took centuries to acquire can easily be destroyed by technology in minutes (Rabkin 127). While Bradbury might have been commenting on the use of the television which seemed to dumb down the intellectual capacity of Americans, his warning is just as useful in the 21st century. The pervasive use and misuse of the Internet has created a new non-tangible world which allows users to communicate but not connect. The Internet has contributed to the lack of individual and unique thought in literature, art, and music. The World Wide Web is also place of anonymity where individuals can hide behind user names, partake in unethical acts, and accept no responsibility for their actions. Rafeeq McGiveron, in â€Å"To Build a Mirror Factory: the Mirror and Self-Examination in Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†,† explains â€Å"in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† Ray Bradbury creates an unthinking society so compulsively hedonistic that it must be atom-bombed flat before it ever can be rebuilt. â€Å"(282) . In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†, Ray Bradbury, warns the general public to the importance of uniqueness and individuality. He urges the audience to fight the government ideals of censorship and forced societal conformity. He asked readers to reflect on their own societies and make changes before it is too late. In Bradbury society written language is forbidden and forgotten about. Citizens are no longer able to think for themselves and holds only the views of the government. Citizens are controlled by fear and degradation of their humanity producing shelled human beings who have no purpose. This story of destruction and hope was created to mirror out own society and to warns modern citizens that human rights need to be fought for, held on too, and cherished. In a time of the rampant evolution of technology we must be vigilant in holding and expressing out rights to be human. If not, out fate is that of the Bradbury’s society, succumbs into to the advancements in technology and being wiped from existence. Works Cited Booker, M. Keith. Dystopian Literature: A Theory and Research Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. Bradbury, Ray. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†. New York: The Ballentine Publishing Group, 1953. McGiveron, Rafeeq O. â€Å"To Build a Mirror Factory: the Mirror and Self-Examination in Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†. † Critique 39. 3 (1998): 282-287. Questia. 28 Nov. 2007 . Rabkin, Eric S. , Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds. No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. Slusser, George E., Eric S. Rabkin, and Robert Scholes, eds. Coordinates: Placing Science Fiction and Fantasy. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. Zipes, Jack. â€Å"11 Mass Degradation of Humanity and Massive Contradictions in Bradbury’s Vision of America in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†. † No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Ed. Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. 182-198. .

Why Significant Changes Were Made to the Plot

Why Significant Changes Were Made to the Plot in The Big Sleep Movie After reading the novel â€Å"The Big Sleep† by Raymond Chandler, then watching the 1946 movie version starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, I found myself asking why are there so many changes to the plot in this movie as compared to the novel. Many significant pieces of the plot were drastically different and there were even certain scenes that had been made up for the movie that were never in the book. After doing some research I was able to come up with many reasons for these significant changes.Some of the main reasons for there being significant changes is the Hays Code which was a code of rules that all movies were to follow, as well as the chemistry that Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall had together. Many of the changes in the movie version of â€Å"The Big Sleep† can be credited to the Hays Code. The Hays Code was a set of rules that movies were to follow. Will H. Hays was not the creato r of this code however he was the first person to be in charge of enforcing it therefore his name became attached to it (TV Tropes).Some smaller changes the Hays Code affected are the dealings that go on at Geiger's Book Store as well as Geiger's love interest. In the novel we are told that the book store is actually a front for a pornography store. We are also told in the novel that Arthur Geiger is gay and has a male partner. In the Hays Code it is stated that â€Å"The sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall be upheld. Pictures shall not infer that low forms of sex relationship are the accepted or common thing. (Arts Reformation). Given this the writers of the screenplay were forced to leave out the fact that the book store was actually a front for a pornographic store. As for the fact that Arthur Geiger was gay and had a male partner, it is stated in the Hays Code that â€Å"Sex perversion or any inference to it is forbidden. † (Arts Reformation). Alth ough a homosexual couple is more widely accepted nowadays, back in the time of the Hays Code it was considered perverse (TV Tropes) and had to be taken out of the movie.Two more significant changes that were made to the plot were both of the scenes where Carmen Sternwood was found naked. In the novel when Marlowe goes to Geiger's house he finds Carmen naked in a chair and drugged up. In the movie she has only been drugged, her clothes remain on. The other time that Carmen Sternwood was found naked in the novel was when she was waiting for Marlowe to come home and she was naked in his bed. In the film she is simply sitting in his room waiting for him fully clothed.Both of these changes can be attributed to the Hays Code. A rule in the Hays Code states â€Å"Complete nudity is never permitted. This includes nudity in fact or in silhouette, or any lecherous or licentious notice thereof by other characters in the picture. † (Arts Reformation). Since the filmmakers were not allowe d to show nudity they were forced to change the plot which also lead to the photos of Carmen Sternwood that were used to blackmail her not being nude photos of her. A huge change that is made to the plot of the story is how the movie ends.In the book the climactic scene is where Marlowe is being held at gunpoint by Carmen Sternwood. This is also where Marlowe realizes that Carmen was the murderer. A rule about crime in Hays Code states â€Å"Crimes against the law: These shall never be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy with the crime as against law and justice or to inspire others with a desire for imitation. † (Arts Reformation). If Carmen Sternwood had been the murderer then this would have made Marlowe's love interest, Vivian Rutledge, an accessory to murder (Wikipedia).If Vivian were an accessory to murder she would be committing a crime but the audience may feel sympathy for her since she is in love with the main character. Because of this the writers of the s creenplay had to change this. By changing the ending of the movie to having Eddie Mars be killed the writers also solve another conflict with the Hays Code. In the novel Eddie Mars does not actually kill anyone however he was the one who made the murders happen so he was in fact a very bad man who had committed serious crimes.At the end of the novel Eddie Mars does not come to justice for his crimes. Since the Hays Codes doesn't allow crime to be presented in a way that it will inspire others with a desire for imitation (Arts Reformation), Eddie Mars had to be brought to justice. If people had seen the movie and saw that Eddie Mars had been a murderer and gotten away with it, it could inspire them to imitate him. This is why the writers had to change what happens to Eddie Mars.A very significant change made to the plot, which is more of an addition to the plot than anything is the fact that Marlowe and Vivian Rutledge have a love interest. In the film Marlowe lets the reader know ma ny times that he is not fond of women. Because of this love interest many scenes were added to the film in which Marlowe and Vivian have conversations of the sexual nature. Before â€Å"The Big Sleep† movie was made both Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall had starred in a movie called â€Å"To Have and Have Not†.This film had a great success with their scenes together and this made the filmmakers want to add more scenes between the two (William Ahearn). When it comes down to it, making Marlowe and Bacall have a relationship is just adding a Hollywood perspective on a novel. Many changes were made to the plot in â€Å"The Big Sleep† film. But none of them were made without reason. The Hays Code limited filmmakers to what they could put into movies and changes were made so that the film would be more appealing to the general public.Works Cited – Ahearn, William. â€Å"The Big Sleep (1946)† 2008. November 2012. http://www. williamahearn. com/bs1945. ht ml – â€Å"The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code)†. Arts Reformation. April 2006. November 2012. http://www. artsreformation. com/a001/hays-code. html – â€Å"The Big Sleep (1946 Film)†. Wikipedia. November 15 2012. November 23 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)#Cast -â€Å"Hays Code†. TV Tropes. November 2012. http://tvtropes. org/pmwiki/pmwiki. php/Main/HaysCode

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Example

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Example Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay I believe Apple Inc. [ largely referred as Apple in this papers ] has met the ethical and societal duty towards general populace. employees. clients and shareholders/investors. Apple places itself to be really environment witting and continuously working to cut down the pes print of the company and its merchandises on the planet ( Apple Inc. ) . Apple has a recycling plan for its used merchandises ; it sends gift cards to clients in return for the used merchandises. if the merchandises do non hold any pecuniary value they recycle them responsibly. Apple reports the environmental foot-print of each of its merchandise on their web site to demo how much energy efficient they are and how Apple is taking more biodegradable elements in its merchandises. packaging and installations. Apple has multiple offices and datacenters in United States and as of March 2013 70 five per centum of them are to the full powered through renewable energy beginnings ( Kastrenakes. 2013 ) . Apple is continuously seeking to better the state of affairs and taking to trust wholly on renewable energy beginnings in future. To better ethical consciousness within its employees. Apple has a concern codification of behavior published and easy available via intranet web site within the company and to its investors via stockholder web site ( Business codification. 2012 ) which explains in item on assorted subjects including its well known close manner of let go ofing its merchandises. Apple besides has a Business behavior helpline available for its employees to decide ethical quandary. study struggles of involvement and seek way in doing ethical determination. Recently Tim Cook. Apple CEO has reminded all employees to reexamine Apple’s concern behavior policy via corporate electronic mail ( Marie. 2013 ) which shows the importance Apple gives to Ethical motives within the company. Apple treats its employees really good ; wages reasonably good wages to employees and rates to contractors. Apple’s has a really good benefit plan for its employees. even the parttime employees are entitled to benefit s at apple ( Fiegerman. 2012 ) . it provides shuttle service to many locations from many topographic points in Bay country to campus. Apple merchandises are really safe compared to many other rival merchandises. Apple pays attending to inside informations. e. g. : To avoid tripping over a bear downing overseas telegram. Mac book courser has a magnet alternatively of a difficult stick in stopper as we observe in many Windows PCs. All of its merchandises are good thought and supply batch of convenience and see client wellness and safety. as we see in the instance of latest ear phones from Apple. they have the talkers traveling crabwise alternatively of straight in to ears as most of the conventional ear stoppers do. this restricts music straight hitting the ear membranophone and long term exposure may hold inauspicious impact on the ears. Apple merchandises are good sealed and inactive resistant. the stuffs used in production are non inexpensive and low quality parts. which improves the lastingness of its merchandises. Apple provides batch of fluctuations in merchandises to take. to a client which attracts clients at all degrees. There are about 10s to twelve spirits of latest iPhone based on colour. size of memory and external stuff. Apple has a really good refund policy. points can be returned online or returned in shop. there is about 14-30 yearss to return points. Apple provides full refund alternatively of bear downing for re-stocking fee. If there is a portion malfunction. apple merchandise can be exchanged for a new one within one twelvemonth of purchase for nominal or zero monetary value. Apple considers customer’s ailments and response quickly by multiple agencies and purposes to please the clients ( Denning. 2011 ) . Apple listens to clients at the shops. online and besides via telephone and improvises on its services. client support and besides their merchandises. It is really obvious that Apple takes good attention of its stockholders ; we can clearly detect that from Apple’s grosss and net incomes from past several quarters. Apple’s portion has gone up five times within past five old ages. Apple provides all of its quarterly. one-year studies along with fiscal statements and exhibits with SEC and complies with SEC policies. Question 2: Publications of moralss and societal duty misdemeanors of its providers. chiefly at Hon Hoi Precision. besides known as FoxConn had impact on Apple’s repute and chiefly no impact on gross revenues and portion value. In 2011 there were 14 self-destructions at FoxConn and subsequently on there were many public violences. suicide protests by workers against the really long working hours. deficiency of insurance. workplace safety. atrocious installation care. incidents of utilizing Child labour. deficiency of injured workers compensation. ground forces cantonment manner direction and others ( McGrath. 2012 ) . Apple has handled things really carefully and assigned right people and started redress methods. published supplier codification of behavior. increased audits in its provider houses. provided preparation. to better state of affairs and repute ; Tim Cook. the Chief executive officer of Apple talked about Foxconn and how his company is seeking to better the on the job conditio ns for employees and workers in its suppliers’ mills and how earnestly Apple is taking the allegations ( Knibbs ) . Apple’s repute had an impact during the clip of events. created a bombilation in media universe ; Apple got a bad name within its investors and interest holders. Subsequently on. Apple was able to pull off out of the state of affairs really good. Overall there is no impact to gross revenues or gross or Apple’s portion value. Apple portions might hold taken a little hit for few yearss when there were publications by media. but overall portion value was turning in 2010 and 2011 when all of studies were being published. Apple is still considered the most admired company in the whole universe as per Fortunes World’s most Admired companies for 2008-2013 ; six old ages in row ( Shaughnessy. 2013 ) . Apple merchandises are really good received in the market ; there are no antipathies or hatred towards Apple’s merchandises based on the allegations. We normally see the bead in gross revenues when there are negative allegations on companies. we have seen this in ins tance of Paula Deen based on her racial remarks and besides with Duck Dynasty and its merchandises when Phil Robertson has made anti-gay remarks and cause large dent in their repute. we have non seen this with Apple. When iPhone 5s was released in September of 2013. shops reported people standing in long lines at Apple and its spouse shops to acquire the first piece. Today there are hardcore fans to Apple merchandises than for any other company. Apple merchandises are turning popularity even in China where the allegations of atrocious working conditions have been reported. Based on my personal observation. Apple shops are among the most crowded shops at local promenades. Even with heavy competition for Samsung. LG. Nokia ( now Microsoft ) and Motorola. Apple iPhones are still most normally used smart phones in United States. Apple’s App shop has more than a Billion applications available to stop users. By detecting the Apple’s growing form. it is safe to state that the impact of provider misdemeanors is minor. Question 3: To better the on the job conditions and abide to Fair Law Association ( FLA ) policies Apple has come up with and published supplier codification of conduct ( Apple provider. 2012 ) for all its providers to adhere who provide parts to its merchandises. To guarantee that its providers adhere to pay and benefits criterions traveling frontward. Apple has to purely implement the supplier codification of conduct and besides increase the supervising and auditing of the provider mills. HR and pay axial rotation systems up to allowed by the local and international Torahs. Many of the regulations and ordinances which are illegal in US are acceptable in other states. As Apple’s providers are chiefly in other states than US. Apple can put up rigorous regulations and guidelines more near to US Torahs in add-on to local authorities policies and Fair Law Association ( FLA ) Torahs. as most of its merchandises are used by consumers in US. Apple can besides open up complaint/suggestion boxes ( online. in mill and via phone ) from workers in provider mills to understand and closely supervise the on the job conditions and acquire feedback on rewards and benefits. Apple can curtail the figure of hours a worker can work in its provider mills. Apple can make guidelines in its codification to hold onsite aid to speak with workers and understand their jobs and work with supplier mills to work out them. Apple can steer its providers to setup onsite and near to campus medical installations for workers working in its provider mills. Apple can work with local media and authorities to make studies from general populace about their provider patterns at mill installations. Apple should bespeak the moralss codification of behavior as one of the primary pre-requisite from their providers as portion of the initial RFP – Request for proposal. Apple should acquire feedback suppliers’ employees to understand how good the codification is followed by its upper direction in the company and should implement provider to better it before reclamation of contracts. Apple should halt purchasing parts from providers with corrupt repute. or providers with weak or no ethical codification of behavior. Apple should compare the on the job conditions and rewards of workers in its provider mills to competitor mills in the country and base on balls ordinances to better the rewards to run into market criterions. Question 4: Apple clients would be willing to pay more for its merchandises to provider better rewards and benefits to suppliers’ workers. Apple can do this happen by demoing the grounds behind addition in monetary values. and how extra money will be utilized for worker compensation and benefits. Apple should advertise in Television. publish articles on its web site and supply information to Media on how the extra money will be utilized. This is much similar to Ms. Lee Rhodes and her Glassybaby in the instance survey. Glassybaby gives 10 % of its grosss for malignant neoplastic disease intervention. Another suggestion that I can do is that. some per centum of addition in wages for workers should besides come from Apple’s net incomes to demo consumers that Apple is non merely bear downing more for merchandises but besides taking a cut in their net incomes to supply better working conditions for workers. Apple and its chief laminitis Steve Jobs do non hold really good name as Philant hropist. there is no public record that Steve Jobs has donated any money ( Sorkin. 2011 ) . After Tim Cook took over Apple’s CEO place. he has made some contributions but compared with other companies with high grosss and net incomes ; the contributions made by Apple are really negligible compared to its grosss and net incomes ( Emerson. 2012 ) . Apple can better its image and repute in the universe by giving some per centum of net incomes to suppliers’ workers through multiple plans and inducements. Today Apple’s merchandises are most popular in the market ; iPhone is the best selling smart phone out at that place in market. Apple and its merchandises have immense fan base and many of the rival smart phones from Samsung or Microsoft are non comparable to iPhone. With such a popularity. increasing a minor per centum E. g. : 3-5 % of monetary value will non hold any impact on merchandise gross revenues. Most of the Apple merchandises are sold with web connexion besides known as information program. the minimal information program is really expensive and costs up to $ 40 per month for many bearers. Some of Apple’s iPhone clients take informations program because they are intrigued with iPhone and Apple merchandises. When clients are willing to pay extra money for seldom used informations program as they stay home largely where there is Wi-Fi connexion as an option to data program. Customers should be willing to pass a spot more money to better working conditions and wages for suppliers’ workers. Question 5: Apple has first-class market scheme for its merchandises ; Everyone remembers those PC and Mac comparing commercials. which used to portray Apple’ Mac computing machines as cool and voguish for Generations X and Y and for everyone at place where as Microsoft Personal computer was shown as concern computing machine with bugs. In world. Microsoft runing system is more flexible and clients can custom-make and do alterations and create applications comparatively easy. where as you need to travel to App Store for installing/upgrading any iOS applications. Microsoft or Samsung devices allow users to copy MP3 files. and play them without any intermediary package such as iTunes. a compulsory application for Apple to copy vocals in to iOS applications. Even with less flexibleness Apple’s merchandises are extremely sold in market today due to its design and public presentation of its merchandises and chiefly it’s Marketing scheme. Apple does non truly advertise new versions of iPhone releases. instead it keeps it secret. there are no beta releases. and there are no images or commercials in the market before a new version iPhone is released. It creates bombilation in the market which generates enigma about its merchandise. In add-on to its ain selling. Apple’s iPhones are besides advertized by other companies such as web suppliers such as AT A ; T. Verizon and other companies which make protective instances and other accoutrements for iPhones. Apple maintains such secrecy before let go ofing its iPhone merchandises ; it has worked greatly for them. Another manner Apple merchandises are advertized is by word of oral cavity. Today many of smart phones in the market from Samsung. LG and Microsoft have similar maps as iPhone. but in my position the secrecy/mystery and word of oral cavity advertising for iPhone has helped to keep its leading in the market. To better competitory advantage over planetary market topographic point. Apple should sell its merchandises more in other states ; spread out its base out of US. The use of smart phones is at brink of acquiring impregnation in United States. consumers in US are tied to informations and voice programs from web suppliers in US. Until latest coevalss of iPhones. iphones were sold at a ulterior release day of the months in Europe. India and China than in United States. There is a batch of fan base for Apple in China and India. Apple should en hard currency that by doing merchandises low-cost in those states. Customers in US do non replace their phones until their contract ends with he web supplier. which is normally two old ages from the contract start day of the month. Most of the states outside of US are non bound to network/data programs for the phones as they use GSM engineering ; this provides flexibleness to consumers to purchase more than one phone in two old ages. Smart phones are acquiring more popular in India and china where the population is really high. Population of India and China combined is more than six times the population of United States ( CIA World Factbook ) ; if Apple can capture a little per centum of the market in those states it will hold more client base than it does in whole US which bring higher grosss. Apple should get down custom-making their merchandises and do them consumer friendly in other states. such as make bill of fare in native linguistic communications. make local usage applications etc. As word of oral cavity advertisement has proven working for Apple. they should get down giving some samples of their merchandises to famous persons in India where the common public tendency is to follow the famous persons and mime their merchandise use. It has worked for other companies and merchandises ; it should besides work for Apple. Apple should get down believing about doing their merchandises more flexible and easy to custom-make. Apple is really popular among trade name. but more savvy users with computing machine background started to tilt more towards Google Android based phones from Samsung and LG as they have more flexibleness and customization options. With computing machine accomplishments and techniques being really common to childs in Generation Y and Z. Apple should believe about concentrating on them and their gustatory sensations and Apple merchandises more flexible. Apple should introduce more. there have been some betterments and alterations to its merchandises in past 3 old ages but at that place has non been a WOW merchandise release. They should come in new markets. start coming up with new merchandises such as long anticipated Apple Television or they should acquire in to wearable appliances such as carpus tickers. spectacless. gesture controlled devices. devices with flexible screens and devices which look cool but monitor human body’s current wellness such as temperature. sugar degrees. blood force per unit area etc. Last but non least. Apple should better its altruist image ; they should get down donating more to needy and charitable foundations. That normally helps in both ways ; it improves the repute and besides works as advertizement. Mentions Apple Inc. ( n. d. ) . Apple and the environment. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. apple. com/environment/ Apple provider codification of behavior. ( 2012. JANUARY ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_Supplier_Code_of_Conduct. pdf Business codification. ( 2012. DECEMBER ) . Business conduct the manner we do concern worldwide. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //files. stockholder. com/downloads/AAPL/2916593555x0x443008/5f38b1e6-2f9c-4518-b691-13a29ac90501/business_conduct_policy. pdf CIA World Factbook. ( n. d. ) . Country comparing: : Population. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Central Intelligence Agency. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank. hypertext markup language Denning. S. ( 2011. AUGUST 26 ) . Another myth bites the dust: How apple listens to its clients. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. forbes. com/sites/stevedenn ing/2011/08/26/another-myth-bites-the-dust-how-apple-listens-to-its-customers/ Emerson. R. ( 2012. FEBRUARY 3 ) . Apple’s contributions to charity surpassed $ 50 million: Report. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/02/03/apple-charity-donation_n_1253185. html Fiegerman. S. ( 2012. JUNE 18 ) . Why working at apple is a dream occupation. BusinessInsider. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. businessinsider. com/heres-what-employees-really-love-about-working-for-apple-2012-6? op=1 Kastrenakes. J. ( 2013. MARCH 21 ) . Renewable energy now powers 75 per centum of apple’s installations. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theverge. com/2013/3/21/4132402/apple-now-using-75-percent-renewabl e-energy-across-operations Knibbs. K. ( n. d. ) . Apple chief executive officer negotiations foxconn. attempts to repair repute. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mobiledia. com/news/128273. hypertext mark up language Marie. ( 2013. NOVEMBER 21 ) . Tim cook reminds apple employees to reexamine apple’s concern behavior policy. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //mobileorchard. com/tim-cook-reminds-apple-employees-to-review-apples-business-conduct-policy/ McGrath. B. ( 2012. FEBRUARY 7 ) . Apple’s sweatshop supply concatenation. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. west southwest. org/en/articles/2012/02/appl-f07. hypertext markup language Sorkin. A. ( 2011. AUGUST 29 ) . The enigma of steve jobs’s public giving. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //dealbook. nytimes. com/2011/08/29/the-mystery-of-steve-jobss-public-giving/ ? _php=true A ; _type=blogs A ; _r=0 Shaughnessy. H. ( 2013. FEBRUARY 28 ) . Apple remains world’s most admired company. followed by Google and virago. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. forbes. com/sites/haydnshaughnessy/2013/02/28/apple-remains-worlds-most-admired-followed-by-google-and- amazon/

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples.

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples. Here is the complete information about the research paper writing. What Is a Research Paper? A research paper is the culmination product of an involved process of critical thinking, research, organization, composition and source evaluation. In other words, it is an extended essay that presents your own interpretation or argument or evaluation of the information you discover with absolute documentation of the sources. When writing a research paper, you build your thought about the question and make a purposeful attempt to find out what experts write or know. Have your hands full with urgent tasks? No stress anymore!  Ã‚  is ready to  make your college life easier. Here well tell you how to write a research paper and offer you a list of research paper topics. But if you wish to have your research paper written by our professional writers, place an order. Research Paper Outline Most courses in the university involve some extended writing assignments, often in the form of a research paper. The papers always require a student to identify a broad area of research related to the course. Becoming an experienced researcher in any field takes a great deal of practice. Remember, even the most seasoned academic writers had to learn how to write a research paper at a given time of their career. Here is the basic research paper outline: Research Paper Title Page The title should tell the reader what to expect in your research paper, addressing keywords that will be used in the literature review. It must include the author(s): full name and affiliation for persons who might have questions about the research. Research Paper Abstract The abstract is used by readers to quickly review the overall content of your research paper. It should provide a complete synopsis of the research paper, introduce the topics and specific research questions. It must provide a statement regarding the methodology and the general statement about the finding and results. It is often written last because it is the summary of the whole research paper. Research Paper Introduction It introduces the overall topic and provides the basic background information. Introduction narrows down the research questions relating to your study. It either gives the focus and purpose for the rest of your research paper or sets up the entire justification for the research paper. Research Paper Methods This section describes the methodology and research design used to complete the study. For instance, you should provide the context and setting of the study, population if applicable, specify the study design, identify the main study variables, sampling strategy, outline analysis methods and data collection procedures and instruments. Research Paper Results What did you find? This section focuses only on results that are related to your research question, and not their significance. However, the results presented will depend on whether the study was qualitative or quantitative. Tables and graphs should only be used when you have too much data that cannot be efficiently included within the text. Research Paper Discussion Give information that interprets your results like the main finding of the study, strengths, and limitation of the results, practice and policy implications of the results. The hypothesis should be to give the answers as validated by your interpretation of the results. It should also discuss how your findings relate to the previous research. Research Paper  Conclusions Do not mention the discussion or the data. State inferences, hunches or speculation and offer the perceptions of future work. References/Bibliography Here, you ensure you cite all the references made in your paper to other sources of information and research studies. This should be laid out according to the specified format, including APA, MLA, Chicago, Oxford and other formats as directed by your professor. Check out our FREE APA REFERENCING TOOL How to Write a Successful Research Paper A research paper is your thought on a given topic, informed by the research you have done. It is a daunting process for both new and experienced writers alike. Here is our step by step guide to help you keep focused down to the path of a successful research paper. 1. Getting started.  Sit down with your computer and identify tasks and build a schedule. Identify the milestone for all steps involved in research and writing process. Check your final due date, and take some time to scheme the task ahead of you before you get started. Ensure you understand your assignment: type, research paper format, and length. 2. Select a topic.  The topic of the research paper is what you want to write about. Narrow the topic by reading the background articles on general references, the internet, magazine, encyclopedia or talk to your professor and peers, while jotting down main ideas. 3.  Set your objective.  Before you start your research, you need to compose a thesis statement, which describes your viewpoint concerning the research. Because your aim is to prove the validity of your thesis, your thesis statement offers a controlling idea that will enable you to choose the resource materials and limit your note taking. 4. Research and  take notes.  List the potential sources of information. Apart from the card catalog and guides for reference books, there are other important sources that can help you locate books and articles relevant to your topic. Often look for unique sources that can distinguish and strengthen your paper. 5. Create an outline for a research paper.  Your outline should reflect the organization format you have selected for your paper, depending on the topic and the thesis statement. It is a process of organizing your thoughts to help you write your research paper. Consider what points you will include, the introduction, the order of the points and how you plan to conclude. 6. Write the draft.  After you have completed creating the outline for a research paper, you can begin to write your draft. At this point, you need not worry about the grammar, spelling, typos, and style. Instead, you should concentrate on content based on your outline. It only consists of three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. 7. Edit your paper.  When you are through with the draft, edit it, paying close attention to the organization and content of the paper. Is each idea supported by evidence? Do the paragraphs have topic sentences that relate to your thesis? Are there clear transitions in one paragraph to the other? Let your paper ideas or arguments support the research and structure. 8. Bibliography and citations.  Give credit to the sources of ideas, facts, and quotations that have included in your research paper to avoid plagiarism. In fact, documenting your sources of information, allow your leaders to follow your thought process and see how you creatively built upon the thoughts. 9. Formatting.  Depending on the formatting style your professor instructed you to use (APA/MLA/Chicago/Oxford), the title page should be part of the title of the research paper, the instructor’s name, your name, the name of the course and the date the paper is due. 10. Proofread and submit.  A professional proofreading is the last step that enables you to submit your paper in the best light possible. Don’t skip this step! Correct the grammar, spelling and punctuation errors, and mistakes that your system could not catch. Double check the formatting, plus bibliography and citations. If everything is right, submit! How to Start a Research Paper Writing a research paper is a challenge to many college and university students. One of the biggest problems for many students is how to get started. Choosing the topic and doing the research might be half the battle, but starting an introduction always proves to be a daunting task. If done effectively, starting a research paper would be simple and can help you write the whole paper quickly. Here is how to start a research paper: Choose a topic and research it thoroughly.  One problem most students run into when starting a research paper is failing to do proper research on the chosen topic. Research is not all about gathering resources; it involves reading and digesting the source material. Make sure you understand the topic. Create an outline of your research paper.  You must understand the direction of your research paper before you write an effective introduction. Your main aim should be to summarize the research in one or more paragraphs, without giving away the conclusion. Draft the opening paragraph.  Write several opening paragraphs, completing each independently. Write the introduction without directly relying on the structure, but it doesn’t mean you ignore your paper outline. You must look at the resource material when writing the introduction. Choose the best draft of your introduction.  Choose one of the best versions of your draft and revise it. Make sure you have the introduction ready before moving to the body of your research. The introduction should indicate its importance of the future research of your paper, summarize and describe the extent of your research. Critique the introduction.  Ask your friends, teacher or professor read the introduction: it must conform to the requirements of the assignment. Remember, a well-written introduction will automatically flow. How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper When you reach the conclusion of your research paper, you probably think there is hardly anything left to include, right! However, writing a conclusion for a research paper is crucial for anyone doing research papers. Here is how to write a research paper conclusion: Research Paper Topics Finding a research paper topic is one of the most challenging steps in writing a research paper. Focus on a broad topic, find topic ideas and be creative in the process. Here is a list of research topics you can use: business crime and law, drugs and drug abuse education environment family issues media and communication health, psychology political issues social issues, religion women and gender terrorism Weve got a great list of research paper topics for you: 60 Best  Research Paper Topics Generally, students have higher expectations of themselves when writing a research paper because they believe the paper has to be perfect. The paper should be clear and thoughtful, written to the point and say things that make sense. Research about what other scholars have written about the topic and the formulating your own theories and ideas based on the existing knowledge and data. At , we understand the importance of adhering to your deadline. Obviously, the sooner you let us know about your term paper the better. However, we have also successfully completed assignments with seemingly impossible due dates on time, rendering our services with the same high quality of writing. Therefore, if you can see how busy the road ahead of you will be or if youre down to the wire, contact us. We will be glad to help. General pricing plan for the Research Paper writing is as follows (prices are in US dollars, cost per page) #get_view(blocks/prices2.php)

Writing assignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Writing assignment - Article Example Although the betterment of the students undergoing through the programme can be observed, it will not be attributed to the programme alone as other factors can contribute to the exemplary performance. Students will gain advantage through the knowledge gained at high school while narrowing achievement gap will be through the creation of equity between students with different capabilities. Students’ high school experiences will be enriched through providing the students with a chance to enjoy academic programmes, enabling them to study with intensity, depth and better perspective (Challenge Success, 2013). The programme will be an indicator of quality in education thereby assessing the capacity of making schools better. The programme provides students with a myriad of opportunities while enabling them to take challenging courses in college. The impacts on the programme on the schools and students however, are difficult to substantiate. In seeking to gain maximum benefits from the programme, students should consider understanding their reasons for enrolling into the programme, by consideration of all elements involved. Educators on the other hand must consider the level of involvement which they would like from the programme, before implementing it into their institutions. This can be achieved through a discussion with the various stakeholders of the programme (Challenge Success, 2013). Challenge Success. (2013). The Advanced Placement Program: Living Up To Its Promise? Challenge Success. Retrieved March 24, 2015, from

Information systeams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information systeams - Essay Example More so, the bank offers offshore banking services for the UK expatriates and foreigners residing in the UK. On the other hand, Barclays bank traces its origin in 1690 through a gold smith banking business in London. Later in 1736, an investor named James Barclay joined the business, which expanded tremendously to become a nationwide bank under the name Barclays and Co. Currently, the bank is a British multinational banking as well as a financial service company whose headquarters are in London, UK (Jain, 2005:96). The bank serves millions of customers with its outstanding services like saving accounts, current accounts, loans, mortgages, and much more all over the globe. This paper will evaluate the process of the two named banks’ personal loan processes and compare the two bank processes, not forgetting to outline the type of information system the banks use to process the personal loans NatWest personal loan There are two types of personal loans, which are secure and unsecu red loans. Unsecured loan is that which is supported by the credit worthiness of the borrower without using collateral or property. On the other hand, the secured loan is the loan acquired after rendering property or any other collateral as security to stand in place of the loan acquired. Unsecured loan is the most common type of loan acquired by individuals of all categories. To begin with, NatWest bank offers unsecured personal loans at a rate of 8.9% APR typical and this loan is available to existing current account holders only. The other account holders like the Advantage Gold,  Advantage Private, and Black Current Account holders the APR or preferential representative rates at 6.4% for loans ranging between ?7,500 and ?14,950. In addition, the applicant must be eighteen years and above and should be UK residence. In order for a borrower to estimate or work out how much loan he would like to borrow, the rates, monthly repayments and total loan costs, the bank offers personal loan calculators online. More so, the bank offers Jargon Buster to clarify confusing terminologies that are commonly associated with loans. Prior to unsecured loans, the bank also offers secured personal loan. This is a type of loan granted by banks over security of one or more asset. These assets will belong to the bank after the customer defaults on his personal loan repayments. In most cases, this loan is offered to people who offer houses or even personal vehicles as their security or collateral, which means that customers with these assets are the only individuals entitled to the loan. Unlike the unsecured loans, secured loans are more flexible in a manner that the borrower chooses on the period of repayment and can borrow as much amount of cash as they need as long as it is of the same value with the asset offered. Nevertheless, secured and unsecured personal loans fall under the same department. NatWest secured personal loan interest rates are paid based on personal circumsta nces where loans extending to ?14,950 have a maximum term of five years, while loans ranging from ?14,950 to ?25,000 have a maximum period of seven years. More so, home improvement loans over ?15,000, the repayment period takes up to ten years. In addition, no matter how much the amount one borrows, NatWest offers a minimum term of one year, and the borrower can repay the credit earlier