“A Rose For Emily” by Willam Failkner Essay

In the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the utilization of foretelling is utilized really prominently. To foretell is to give propelled signs to a future occasion or disclosure.. The amazingly solid moist fragrance about Ms. Emily’s house, the second floor of this living arrangement being bolted and the disclosure of the iron silver hair, all are solid anticipating episodes that accomplish this amazing and solid yet additionally authentic completion. Faulkner utilization of hinting is utilized astutely to accomplish a stunning and ground-breaking yet certain completion Ms. Emily lived in a white, square, seventies style house that is currently once-over, un kept up, spoiling and rotting. Within the house was said to possess a scent like â€Å"dust and neglect †a nearby, damp smell.† Yet the aroma smelt by 3 distinct neighbors was more grounded than this, the odor was spoiled to the point that it went into neighboring homes. As one neighbor griped and portrayed the smell she said â€Å"†¦ they were not shocked when the smell created. It was another connection between the gross, overflowing world and the self important Griersons.† Faulkner was attempting to build up a fragrance so solid that it must be that of a dead body. As Ms. Emily’s spouse, Homer Barron had gone concealed since the time they were hitched, it foretells to the revelation of his dead body in the house. The hinting assists with carrying sureness and trustworthiness to the completion of this story. Ms. Emily was once in a while observed through windows in her home some of the time on the subsequent floor and here and there on the fundamental floor. As Ms. Emily developed old she began uniquely to be seen on the principle floor of her home, not ever on the second. Individuals who might watch the house said â€Å"†¦she had obviously quieted down the highest floor of the house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Faulkner needed to make the peruser wonder why the subsequent floor was bolted and not utilized. What could Ms. Emily be attempting to cover up? This is an improvement in the anticipating of the aroma in the house, as this foretells the disclosure of Homer Barron’s dead body bolted away, upstairs in Ms. Emily’s house. Again this hinting reinforces the sureness and trustworthiness to the consummation of this story. As Ms. Emily developed old, her hair turned dark. Her hair was portrayed as â€Å"pepper-and-salt-iron-gray.† The inevitable passing of Ms. Emily would end theâ mystery of her life that the entirety of the general public had once pondered about. After her memorial service and her internment, the town’s individuals separated the bolted upstairs entryway. Found was the perished and rotting assemblage of Homer Barron, yet more intently on the pad adjacent to where his body laid, a space of a head and a few strands of hair. The hair was amazingly portrayed as â€Å"†¦a long strand of iron-silver hair.† All of Faulkner’s foretelling lead to this point, where the story met up. This hair foretells the untold piece of the story, where Ms. Emily had kept Homer Barron’s body after he had passed on and had been laying down with the body. This hinting is incredibly solid and genuine as it is un-reasonable in our ‘normal’ society. Through the accommodating portending occasions that lead to a solid and genuine model, one can perceive how the utilization of anticipating realizes a shrewdness and genuine yet an honest closure. The utilization of portending can strongly affect story’s and novel’s it can change expectations, modify considerations on characters and could leave an impact on the peruser. In today’s ‘normal’ society this revelation in the story would for the most part be viewed as an exhaustion, however to the ‘macabre’ society this story may have been deciphered distinctively and would conceivably seem typical to them.

An Explanation Of The Swot Analysis Tourism Essay Example

An Explanation Of The Swot Analysis Tourism Essay Under these conditions a significant capacity in fixing and actualizing the propelled endeavor is the improvement of showcasing plan of the undertaking to dissect the creation circle by the strategy for SWOT-examination that takes into history all the constituents and adjusting inside and outer condition. Examination of the innovation space of the undertaking did so as to: Assignment of its conceivable quality ( S ) ; To put its potential failings ( W ) ; We will compose a custom paper test on An Explanation Of The Swot Analysis Tourism explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on An Explanation Of The Swot Analysis Tourism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on An Explanation Of The Swot Analysis Tourism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Build up chances ( O ) gave the organization its outside condition ; Recognizing dangers ( T ) for the undertaking on the segment of the outer situation. The truly thought of the SWOT-investigation is non only the rundown of qualities and failings of the undertaking power and to set up a nexus between them, however alongside in understanding the conceivable condition of affairss in the preparing and execution of cutting edge endeavors for administrative dynamic to build up a selling plan. Lattice of the SWOT-investigation depends on two vectors: the region of the earth ( even hub ) and the region of the interior condition ( opposite pivot ) , possibilities and dangers from the area of the earth, the quality and fizzling of the structure. At the convergence of 22 have four Fieldss ( square ) . Table 1. The inside condition of the organization Quality ( S ) Outer condition of the organization Openings ( O ) Hazards ( T ) 1 the field of SO 2 the ST field Appraised limit Failings ( W ) 4 the field of WO 3 the field WT Field of ( SO ) are fixed by the qualities of those worries which Provide his utilization of this possibility. 2 ) Field ( ST ) are fixed by those failings in structure concerns that do non offer chance to use the opportunity. 3 ) Field ( WT ) ( the capacity of the threat ) is the most exceedingly awful territory for concern. 4 ) Field ( WO ) ( falling flat if conceivable ) is important to discover the possibility of chances for limit improvement plan of the undertaking. See the instrument of the demonstrative investigation of the propelled condition on the technique for SWOT-examination for the structure and execution of cutting edge undertaking  « Amusement Parkâ » . SWOT-Analysis Table gathered by essayist Table 2 SWOT-examination of the propelled condition  «Amusement Parkâ » the fundamental parametric amounts for the diagnosing, they are joined on the balance of submitted concern program and investigation of cardinal nations of rating of putting fascination in footings of its turn of events. Table 2. Essential parametric amounts for symptomatic investigation. Second An appealing area of the undertaking ; The chance of making the stuff base and foundation of the undertaking ; Security of dealingss with financial specialists ; Experience the pioneer in the field of preoccupation ; The incorporation of a propelled endeavor in a vital arrangement of urban turn of events. Tungsten Threat of an uncomplete bookkeeping of perils in the preparing of the endeavor ; No experience of conceivable staff in the delight rides ; Threat of offense of capable measures during the ammo works and activity of the establishment ; No open represent the privilege to the land proprietorship. Oxygen Acknowledgment of Estonia in the Baltic part ; Great climatic conditions ; No simultaneous in this sort of market ; The use of occasions for 4 seasons ; The use of the understandings for the commercial organization. Thymine Rivalry from different organizations resort parts ; Not well evolved development of the part ; No examination of foreboding normal elements ; High obstructions to section in the touristry business. 3. Examination Fieldss 3.1. Break down the 1 field ( SO ) Fix the qualities of the development undertaking, which gave him spoke to establishments. A propelled endeavor is segment of the financial improvement plan in the city of Aegvidu. Execution of the endeavor gives a key model to the development of the solidarity of the tourer business. In cultural footings, it tends to issues of joblessness in the city, doing a significant part to make fulling the neighborhood spending plan. Contentss of the boss social locales of the endeavor are planned for propelling a solid way of life, this adds to the natural mix of an appealing common scene with new engineering and the arrangement of care. The endeavor makes existent states of nearby specialists improvement in the part. In this regard, a propelled endeavor gets the full help of the nearby approval is the fate of import political noteworthiness in the open head non simply the inhabitants of Estonia and the Baltic States. The execution of a propelled endeavor in the nation of priority improvement, in view of the stipulation of specific advantages for financial specialists in income upgrade makes great conditions for the gainfulness of the endeavor all through the period. All in all, this record with a little one-year decreasing proposes the steady activity of the undertaking. Extent of administrations gave under a propelled endeavor all in all is new to the nearby touristry showcase. It tends to be isolated into those administrations that are remembered for the ticket: the pool, H2O slides and other H2O athleticss alluring powers smaller than usual zoological garden, displays of invigorate creatures and workss, and to boot accommodates an expense Jacuzzi, sweat room, showers, providing leaving infinites for vehicles available to be purchased arranged remembrances, and so on. Given the freshness of administrations and their fascination in footings of ecological immaculateness adequate restrictive belongingss, arranged selling exercises can flexibly a stable monetary status of the undertaking. 3.2. Break down the second field ST Fix those failings of potential worries that do non offer a chance to use the opportunity. The oil certain aspects of inward creation condition in the preparing and execution of cutting edge undertaking takes steps to chop down the effectivity of open introduction indexs. First of completely, it concerns the estimating of administrations for the endeavor. At the point when the asserted focusing of administrations to buyers from the nearby abroad. The second employment, which should pay genuine going to it s bookkeeping limit indexs of achieved interest for tourer benefits in the part, with expanding conceivable and foundational limit of a diminishing in completeness. By cut bringing down the particular monetary and financial indexs this can fundamentally affect the arrangement of tourer streams and to get the conceivable overall gain from a propelled endeavor. No less genuine activity that influences the effectiveness and productivity of the propelled endeavor is the rate-restricting capacity of common elements. Occasional nature of work is essentially reflected in the fiscal worth framework. Articulated occasional nature of work essentially decreases the open introduction of the conceivable market size and normal volume of existent downloads. 3.3 Analyze the third field of the WT Record the most significant occupations which may affect the plausibility of a propelled endeavor. The central occupation in a propelled endeavor are foreboding normal variables which are non taken into history when building up a worry program. Travel organization is situated in a zone inclined to characteristic realities and carry on land inquire about in the area of it there is non water-repellent soils, which includes the gradual addition of groundwater in the pit. Besides, it is an undertaking is situated in the flood plain of the waterway, presented to flotsam and jetsam and incline streams. While figuring the expenses of a similar organization for the continuation of the endeavor, the expenses related with the conduct of genuine ammo deals with the improvement shower lights-outs to stifle characteristic disasters are non arranged. A second every piece genuine occupation is that the calculation of tourer streams in the innovation undertaking, the emphasize is on vacationers populating in the constitution of a tourer composite of Aegvidu. Legally binding footings on which will sort out a continuous weight of the undertaking, recommend a joint inclusion in cutting edge concerns and companions, watering spot and inn composites. In this occasion, a major for each centum of recreational administrations will be given to buyers in neighboring states. In the selling plan of the organization entirely thought about that the arrangement of tourer and preoccupation composites, which target bing concerns providing an extent of administrations for purchasers, is like those for H2O Parkss and can altogether affect the development of its tourer streams endeavor all in all. The third status, which is non taken into history while getting ready and actualizing the propelled endeavor is the opposition from organizations that are centered around providing comparable administrations to the imprint segment of the neighborhood advertise. The state as of now have comparative endeavors however separately providing a similar extent of administrations, yet modernized in the obvious radiation of experience. Such a situation may fundamentally affect the translational limit and the existent weight of the composite, which essentially can affect the attainability of a propelled endeavor. 3.4. Investigate the field of WO Decide the utility of opportunities to happen a plan for limit improvement of cutting edge tries. A previous investigation of the market and the market situation shows the devotees: Dissected touristry showcase is portrayed by relatively high limit. In the market there are a major figure of points, offering tourer and recreational administrations, which can move as a

Ah, those inspirational Germans!

Ah, those inspirational Germans! Sometimes, when things just dont go your way, its easy to get depressed and start asking yourself Why am I here? What am I doing with my life? I was a bit down in the dumps when I got this email from my mom about a recently completed water-channel bridge in Germany. Isnt that the coolest bridge ever? Im not Course 1 (Civil and Environmental Engineering) but this picture made me envious of everyone who is. The bridge is 0.57 miles long, cost 500 million euros, and took six years to build and over eighty to plan. It functions as a giant bathtub, connecting two important shipping canals by crossing over the Elbe River. Without the water-bridge, this connection is dangerous, long, and unreliable. Some experts speculate that the Magdeburg Bridge will increase shipping volumes from the current 4 million tons per year to 7 million tons of goods in 2015. Some environmental groups are trying to halt plans for more canal expansions because they fear that bringing in bigger boats to Berlin and Brandenburg would negatively affect the natural water supply and threaten culture heritage. In any case, I hope this motivates everyone to be an engineer! Engineers rock. Pictures and information from: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,990878,00.html and http://www.snopes.com/photos/architecture/waterbridge.asp

The Purpose of the Narrative Arc in Literature

Sometimes simply called arc or story arc, narrative arc refers to the chronological construction of plot in a novel or story. Typically, a narrative arc looks something like a pyramid, made up of the following components: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. A Five-Point Narrative Arc These are the five elements used in a narrative arc: Exposition: This is the beginning of the story in which characters are introduced and the setting is revealed. This sets the stage for the story to play out. It usually includes who, where, and when. You may also be introduced to the main conflict that will propel the story, such as issues between different characters.Rising Action: In this element, a series of events that complicate matters for the protagonist creates a rise in the storys suspense or tension. The rising action may further develop the conflict between the characters or the characters and the environment. It may contain a series of surprises or complications to which the protagonist must react.Climax: This is the point of greatest tension in the story and the turning point in the narrative arc from rising action to falling action. The characters are deeply involved in the conflict. Often, the protagonist has to make a critical choice, which will guide his or her actions in the climax.Falling Action: After the climax, events unfold in a storys plot and there is a release of tension leading toward the resolution. It can show how the characters have been changed due to the conflict and their actions or inactions.Resolution: This is the end of the story, typically, in which the problems of the story and of the protagonists are resolved. The ending doesnt have to be a happy one, but in a complete story, it will be one that feels satisfying. Story Arcs Within a larger story, there can be smaller arcs. These can flesh out the stories of characters other than the main protagonist and they may follow an opposite course. For example, if the protagonist story is rags to riches, his evil twin may undergo a riches to rags arc. To be satisfying, these arcs should have their own rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. They should serve the overall theme and subject of the story rather than being superfluous or appearing to simply pad the story. Smaller arcs may also be used for maintaining interest and tension by introducing new stakes in the conflict of the main protagonist. These plot complications increase tension and uncertainty. They can keep the middle of a story from becoming a predictable slog towards a typical resolution. Within episodic literature and television, there may be a continuing story arc that plays out over a series or season as well as self-contained episodic story arcs for each episode. Example of a Narrative Arc Lets use ​Little Red Riding Hood as an example of a story arc. In the exposition, we learn that she lives in a village near the forest and will be visiting her grandmother with a basket of goodies. She promises not to dawdle or talk to strangers on the way. In the rising action, she nevertheless does dawdle and when the wolf asks where she is going, she tells him her destination. He takes a shortcut, swallows the grandmother, disguises himself, and awaits Red. In the climax, Red discovers the wolf for what he is and calls out for rescue from the woodsman. In the falling action, the grandmother is recovered and the wolf is defeated. In the resolution, Red realizes what she did wrong and vows that she has learned her lesson.

The Article Use Of Death Penalty - 873 Words

The article Use of Death Penalty by J.S. Mill brings up many arguments about why the death penalty should exist. Mill was strongly opposed to the idea of not having the death penalty and wrote this article when the British Parliament was going to ban it. He makes several arguments about the benefits and repercussions of having the death penalty. After reading them further, I believe that death penalty should be allowed, but there should be strict guidelines as to when it is used. There are many points that Mill goes through as to why death penalty should be allowed by government. The main argument that J.S. Mill states is, â€Å"he greatest crime known to the law; and when the attendant circumstances suggest no palliation of the guilt, no hope that the culprit may even yet not be unworthy to live among mankind, nothing to make it probable that the crime was an exception to his general character rather than a consequence of it.† His main argument states that he believes people who have no remorse for the crime they committed, should be killed and that by dying, there will be justice served. But Mill also continues to state how it is the â€Å"least cruel† punishment for a murderer and there could be worse punishments. Also, there are parts of the article where Mill contradicts his argument to have the death penalty. For example, he states,† that if by an error of justice an innocent person is put to death, the mistake can never be corrected.† This statement is concerning because ifShow MoreRelatedCosts Of The Death Penalty1237 Words   |  5 PagesCosts of the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. This article evaluates studies done in states all over the U.S to show much money is spent on capital punishment. For each state, the author provides a small summary, including statistics, and then provides the link to the original article where the information derived from. Thus, giving this article authority, by citing all sources, and also accuracy because of the studiedRead MoreThe Effect of the Death Penalty in Texas1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of the Death Penalty in Texas Introduction A lot of heat and controversy surrounds capital punishment in today’s society. The death penalty was built into the Texas justice system in 1835 and has retained most of its strength compared to the rest of the states. The famous motto â€Å"Don’t Mess with Texas† stands true when concerning the death penalty; In Kenneth William’s article, â€Å"Texas: Tough on Murderers or on Fairness?.† Williams states, â€Å"No one promotes this message [Don’t Mess withRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Costly, Counterproductive, And Corrupting1678 Words   |  7 PagesBright, Stephen B.: The death penalty as the answer to crime: costly, counterproductive and corrupting; 35 Santa Clara Law Review 1211 (1995) Summary paragraph: In Stephen Bright’s article, â€Å"The Death Penalty as the Answer to Crime: Costly, Counterproductive, and Corrupting† Bright asserts that capital punishment does not work because it is racially biased, the quality of the lawyers and attorneys supplied by the state to poor defendants is unfair, and that the law system currently in place doesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Has Been Considered An Issue Since The1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been considered an issue since the Eighteenth century, when the first established death penalty laws were in effect. There are vast differences in the way people view the death penalty; some oppose it and some agree with it. In the recent decades the death penalty has become a more popular controversial topic. The people who oppose the death penalty have very different reasons than people who agree with it. Death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty deters crimeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1 135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Death Penalty In Kellow Chesneys book The Victorian Underworld illustrates that the Victorians tried to use the death penalty as a means of controlling criminal elements in forms of hangings, lethal injection,Electrocution, and firing squads in order to prevent crime( the victorian underworld). in Victorian times, the death penalty was used as a means of controlling. There should be abolishment of this because of the countless innocent men and women being put to death for the stated purposeRead MoreThe Case Against Death Penalty: Article Analysis1694 Words   |  7 PagesOpposing the Death Penalty: The death penalty is basically enforced following unfair trials and for non-lethal offenses like economic crimes, drug-related crimes, and sexual relations between consenting adults. While there have been ongoing calls to abolish this sentence, capital punishment is still used in some cases on the basis that international law does not prohibit the death penalty. However, its now apparent that many nations across the globe are abolishing capital punishment as evidentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not Effective911 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty is wrong because capital punishment is not effective in reducing the amount of crime, it claims the lives of innocent people, it is unfair and biased, and most importantly, it is far more costly than a life in prison. The death penalty is not effective in reducing the amount of crime that occurs in our country. There is no evidence that the death penalty discourages or deters crime. The psychological mindset of a criminal is that they are not capable of thinking of the outcomeRead MoreBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient and evenhanded. The website is relevant to my topic as the site have information such as information on executions, trends, clear definition, and time between imposition of death sentence and execution. The site was revised the same date of access, therefore the information is up to date and would be useful. Death Penalty: Pros and Cons ProCon.org. n.p.13 Apr. 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. ProCon.org is a nonprofit public charity. It provides resources for critical thinking without bias. The informationRead MoreCapital Punishment Has Always Been A Major Controversy1710 Words   |  7 PagesSupreme Court ruled it constitutional. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, became extremely popular as a use of â€Å"punishment† for ones illegal actions. The death penalty was first established during 1834 for crimes committed such as â€Å"idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder, manslaughter, poisoning, bestiality, sodomy, adultery, man stealing, and false witness in case rebellion† (Bohm). According to Bohm’s article, â€Å"during the previous years, everyone was evil, plagued by the curse of originalRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Also Commonly Referred As Capital1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty is also commonly referred as capital punishment. The definition of the death penalty is defined as by Merriam-Webster as â€Å"Execution of an offender sentenced to death after a conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense.† Capital punishment has been widely being used for centuries it is known today, as well as the debates that arise with this subject. The history of the Capital punishment goes back as far as Ancient Laws of China. The death penalty was established as punishment

Teen Pregnancy Research Paper Free Essays

Charmagne Thomas October 31, 2012 English 1101 Roseanna Almaee Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is a growing problem not only in the United States but worldwide. Our country has the highest teen pregnancy rate. Teen pregnancy occurs due to a number of reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many young girls are uneducated about unprotected sex and the consequences. Teens should know the consequences of becoming pregnant at an early age before they become pregnant, not after the fact. Most pregnancies are unplanned, there are options to choose from and there’s always counseling to help choose what’s best for the mother. Studies show that about 800,000 girls become pregnant each year, (www. datehookup. com/content-teen-pregnancy. htm). Three in ten teens get pregnant at least once before turning twenty years old. Pregnancy is the leading cause of teen girls to drop out of school. They can’t handle the stress between homework and a baby. Not even half of teen mothers graduate and it’s less likely for them to earn a college degree. Some girls think that a baby will save their relationship. Eight out of ten fathers aren’t with the mother of the child. In most situations they can’t help the baby’s mother because they’re not financially stable themselves. The daughters of teen mothers are more likely to become teen mothers themselves and their sons are more likely to end up in prison, (www. stayteen. org/teen-pregnancy). When a teen finds out she’s pregnant it could be worst moment in her life. It brings a lot of stress, physically and emotionally. The thought of telling parents is what hurts the most. Most girls are ashamed and afraid to ask for help. They feel like they’ve let everybody down, could’ve been more careful, and their future plans are now just dreams. Denial will only cause more problems. There are options to choose from and there’s always counseling to help choose what’s best for both, the mother and the baby, (http://www. teenpregnancy. com/). Birth rates are beginning to increase again. Most pregnancies are unplanned, that’s one of the reasons the mother doesn’t know she’s pregnant and doesn’t seek medical assistance. There are facilities to go to if you don’t have the money to go to a physician and the information will be kept confidential. A teen body is still growing so it’s not healthy and could cause problems with the baby so you have to take in more food and nutrition then you usually would. A lot of teens do drugs and alcohol which could harm, the baby in many ways, mainly premature birth, (http://pregnancy. about. com/od/teenpregnancy/a/Teen-Pregnancy. htm). My friend Jakeria is a teen mother so I decided to interview her. She found out she was pregnant the first semester of our sophomore year. She said â€Å"when I took that pregnancy test I didn’t think it was real, I was in denial so I took a couple more but the result didn’t change. † Jakeria felt like her life was over and it was the end especially with her senior years coming up and all the events that would be taking place. She really didn’t think she could handle being a mother. Jai’dyn, her son was born April 1, 2011. It was a life changing event for her but was the best moment of her life. She came back to school the last couple of weeks to take her finals and get caught up on some work. She graduated with me May 26, 2012. Jakeria said â€Å"I didn’t plan this but I knew I had to face the consequences after the risks I took and after looking at my son I now have a reason to strive to be better so I can prevent him from making the same choices I did. † She’s now attending a technical school and doing whatever it takes to take care of her and her little one. There are no stupid questions to ask when it comes to sex. There are many forms of birth control and there’ no reason teen pregnancy can’t be prevented. Some girls plan to get pregnant for other reasons. Media has a big impact on teen pregnancy. Some girls just think it’s cute but don’t know all the complications that comes with being pregnant. Girls don’t think it could happen to them until it does. . It’s better to be educated on sex and know the answer before making any decision, (http://teenadvice. about. com/od/sex/tp/All-About-Teen-Pregnancy. htm) Teen pregnancy is a common issue today. Schools should educate more on sex and the consequences. Planned parenthood also offers low cost birth control to teens which is positive. It could happen to anyone but its best to use prevention, it’s worth the wait. In the future, each teen should be aware of the risks involved and know of ways to prevent pregnancies. Works Cited Jakeria Neal, friend that experienced teen pregnancy www. datehookup. com/content-teen-pregnancy. htm http://pregnancy. about. com/od/teenpregnancy/a/Teen-Pregnancy. htm http://teenadvice. about. com/od/sex/tp/All-About-Teen-Pregnancy. htm http://www. teenpregnancy. com/ How to cite Teen Pregnancy Research Paper, Essays

Sustainability Issues of Urban Development-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Issues of Urban Development and Metro Strategy in the Sydney with Baulkham hills of New South Wales as an example. Answer: Introduction Urban Development and Metro Strategy in Sydney and Baulkham hills New South Wales can create opportunities of employment, higher education and involves strategic planning for development of several projects. However, the urban development and Metro strategy in Sydney and Baulkham hills faces several issues related to sustainability which can be analyzed from various perspectives like ecological, economic and sociological. New South Wales has a suburban place called the Baulkham hills. The area comprises of The Hills shire and the government area. The Baulkham hills witnessed urban development from the year 1960. The hill area was originally inhibited by the Bidjigal people of the suburban area who were from Aboriginal community. The hill area can be accessed by roads and Seven Hills Road, Old Northern Road and Windsor road at the junction of the Baulkham hills. The easiest way to travel from Sydney to Baulkham hills with exit at Windsor Road is via M2 Hills Motorway. The eminent cent ers of business and commerce near to Baulkham hills are Paramatta, Castle Hill and Syndey CBD. The Hillsbus bus company provides access to these commercial areas from Baulkham hills. Urban Development and metro strategy should be implemented in Baulkham hills of New South Wales because the price of residential property always surges and local Australians find it difficult to buy properties in proper cities. The urban development in Baulkham hills will equip the area with modern facilities and amenities which can be matched to the standards of cities. The Metro strategy in this place can empower the inhabitants of the Baulkham hills by providing them better quality of life so that they can have better connectivity with the city. The inhabitants of the place should have better access to cities for education, travelling to universities and offices. Baulkham hills are is a part of the economic corridor of Sydney and metr Literature review There are several issues that can be identified in the urban development process in Sydney and Baulkham hills of the New South Wales. The Metro Strategy and urban development in the Sydney and Baulkham hills are often not in alignment with sustainability challenges. Urban sustainability can be achieved with collaboration of the private and public sector who can work together to ensure that the urban development process and Metro strategy in Sydney and Baulkham hills of New South Wales achieves urban sustainability. The urban development and Metro strategy in Baulkham hills of NSW create opportunities for better education, creates thousands of job opportunities for the inhabitants of the region and the development of the rural areas of Baulkham hills of NSW provides better quality of life to the community and inhabitants of the region(Pearce, Barbier and Markandya 2013). However, there are issues like there has been higher environmental footprint in Sydney and Baulkham hills of NSW du e to the urban development and the Metro Strategy in the region. The urban development process in the region should follow a eco-centric perspective and human and nature should co-exist peacefully in Sydney and Baulkham hills to solve the issues related to environment and sustainability. The resources used in the urban development process needs to be renewable resources. There are several issues like reducing carbon footprint to tackle the problem of global warming, protecting the ecological system and the environment of the region, waste management and waste recycling, reducing health-related risk of the residents and community by minimizing their exposure to harmful chemicals which should be addressed by the government during the urbanization and Metro Strategy of NSW (Fakhimi 2016). Trends The issues of urban development and Metro Strategy in Sydney can be evaluated from a number of perspectives like ecological, economic and sociological issues. The identification of the issues is as follows Economic issues: The ageing demographics in the Sydney and Baulkham hills of NSW pose serious threat to the economical sustainability. This aging population are about to retire from work and there is not enough replacement of young population in the workforce in Sydney and Baulkham hills of New South Wales which will increase the dependency rate. The ageing population will cause a reduction of the urban Gross Domestic Product and there will be a pressure on the health, infrastructure and housing systems of the region. The ageing population poses several risks like the decline of the economy, degradation of the environment and costs of infrastructure. There has been utilization of public areas in Sydney and Baulkham hills of NSW for development of roads so that private automobiles can travel comfortably. This process of urbanization has enabled the residents of Sydney and Baulkham hills to live far from their job location or educational centers,however the dependency on private cars and reluctance of the residents to use public transport has resulted in a rising price of gas and oil and has affected the economic activity of Sydney and NSW. There is increasing demand for spacious houses in Sydney and the Urban development and Metro strategy should plan for developing compact cities with pedestrian areas, parks and community centers. The price of property sores up in the region and has affected the affordability of the residents to purchase homes for living. The urbanization and metro strategy has resulted in immigration from different countries and investors from foreign countries like China has invested in the property market of Sydney and NSW resulting in the economic constraints for the local residents to purchase properties (Hobson 2003). Ecological and Sociological issues There have been several sociological concerns in the Sydney and Baulkham hills of New South Wales. The health and well being of the residents of the Baulkham hills should be taken care of by improving the transportation system and enhancing the connectivity with the city. There should be job opportunities near home in the Baulkham hills area. Urbanization and metro strategy in Sydney has led to development of expensive residential complex, better amenities for the multinational companies to set up their offices and Universities which provide world-class education. However people of the community of Baulkham hills of NSW may have to travel long distances for accessing the facility of education in school, colleges and especially for higher education. Though there are development of industries in the Baulkham hills and the region of the hills are connected with the economic corridor of Sydney, still inhabitants of the region should have better accessibility to employment and education n ear their homes as it is tough for them to afford the expensive residential complex or pay rents for property in Sydney. The urbanization and metro strategy of Baulkham hills of New South Wales should consider sustainability issues like incorporating knowledge about sustainability to the population of Sydney and Baulkham hills. The issue that is faced by the local community is proper development of infrastructure like development of supporting facility and development of information technology in the region so that a literate community who are aware of the challenges of sustainability is developed. The curriculum of the University and educational institutions of Sydney and Baulkham hills should have subjects and activities that make them aware of the challenges related to sustainability and make them technologically literate so that they can constantly learn and contribute to a sustainable society with innovation and creativity. The other social and ecological that are faced by the residents of Baulkham hills of New South Wales and Sydney are related to their health and lifestyle. Urbanization and Metro strategy has created a sedentary lifestyle for people, residents are dependent on automation and consume excess food which creates health problems for them like diabetes, cancer, respiratory disease and depression. The urbanization has resulted in global warming and emission of greenhouse gases and CFCs in the atmosphere resulting in the depletion of ozone layer. The penetration of the harmful Ultraviolet rays has led to an increase in diseases like skin cancer (Lawrence and McMANUS 2008). Findings The information from secondary sources like websites of the government and research articles have pointed out issues of urban development and metro strategy in Sydney and Baulkham hills which are as follows- 1) Urbanization and metro development has led to high competitive forces. There has been an increase in immigration rates in New South Wales and Sydney and there will be an additional requirement of 760,000 jobs in 2036 as compared to 2006. 2) Urbanization and metro development has led to an increase in demand of property and the price of property in Sydney and New South Wales are surging up due to investment in property from foreign countries like China, rise in immigration rate and low rending rates by banks in the area and thus 77,000 more homes will be required in Sydney in 2036 as compared to 2006. 3) The carbon footprint in the region has increased due to urbanization and metro strategy in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales and Sydney which is an issue of sustainability (Ahmed, Raitu and Anderson 2016). Analysis Forces for Sustainability and Development There are forces for sustainability and development in Sydney and New South Wales which are addressed through education. The curriculum of the Universities makes students aware of the global challenges of sustainability so that students become responsible citizens who have capabilities to handle the challenges and issues of sustainability. Urban and Metro strategy is implemented in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales ensures that a living environment which is sustainable can be provided to the inhabitants of the hills. The government has focused on the development of residential projects, telecommunication systems, electricity and infrastructure in Sydney and Baulkham hills. The Dharug country forms a large part of the council area of Baulkham hills area. Urban development has been a part of this area with the development of Community Center, Castle Hill Library and Rouse Hill Center. The Norwest Business Park and the Castle Hill industrial area are among the major employment lands in the Baulkham hills. There are many global as well as National companies which have chosen Baulkham hills to be a place for their business centers. Some of the notable Companies that have presence in the Baulkham hills area are IBM, Woolsworth and ResMed. There are prominent shopping centers in Castle Hills, Baulkham hills and Winston hi lls. The local government of the Baulkham hills plays a role of paramount importance in the development of innovation and skills among the local people of the Baulkham hills shire. The local government integrates housing markets and employment in the region by involving local labor in the housing projects (Higgins, Milne and Van Gramberg 2015). The local government ensures that economic viability of the community of the Baulkham hills of the New South Wales are taken care of in the urban development and Metro Strategy process. It is ensured by the local government that the health of the community is taken care of during the developmental process. The development of infrastructure can often pose threats to the health of the local community which is avoided by the government. There is a strong sense of community in the neighborhood of the Baulkham hills which attracts new residents to the area. There are small and medium sized business owned by families of the Baulkham hills. There is a strong cohesion and sense of commitment among the community of the Baulkham hills which can be attractive for new residents. The infrastructure for telecommunications and radio communications in the Baulkham hills helps in the achievement of social, economical and environmental sustainability in the region. The development of telecommunication in the region also protects the interests of different stakeholders like community, local, industry and governments. The infrastructure for telecommunication is designed well and concealed cables for telecommunication are designed whenever it is suitable. The telecommunication infrastructure makes minimal use of the land where there are facilities for education. Lands which are visited by children and where there are people with health complications like facilities for aged care and hospitals. The telecommunication infrastructure plans to minimize the exposure of electromagnetic radiation among the public and local communities of the Baulkham hills. The community of the Baulkham hills is well informed about the developments and projects undertaken by the government f or the development of telecommunication infrastructure and they are involved in participative decision making of policies and programs. The telecommunication site is restored after any infrastructure is removed and infrastructure of telecommunication does not block the view of any cultural heritage and notable centers of the Baulkham hills .Adverse effects on environment is minimized while development of the infrastructure. The local government Act of 1993 of the Baulkham hills ensures that development in the area meets the standards of ecological sustainability. Precautions is taken by the local government in the Baulkham hills where development of infrastructure in the region can affect the environment on short, medium and long term or pose serious threats to the ecological environment of the region. Involvement of the community of the board is mandatory throughout the process of Urban Development and Metro Strategy in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales (Galtung 2003). The local government ensures that biodiversity and preservation of flora and fauna in the Baulkham hills is not affected throughout the process of urban development and metro strategy in the Baulkham hills Throughout the process of urban development and metro strategy in the Baulkham hills of the New South Wales, the local government ensures that technology which is efficient in energy is used. The designs and materials that are used in the urban development and metro strategy of the Baulkham hills are also efficient in energy. The government ensures efficient energy management process in the urban development of Baulkham hills and renewable energy and materials are utilized effectively during the process. The forces for sustainability and development can be noticed in the waste management process in the urban development and metro strategy in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales. The principles of the hierarchy of the waste management are implemented in the Baulkham hills of NSW. The recovery of waste and disposal system in the Baulkham hills follows the process of reducing, reusing and recycling of wastes throughout the process of urban development and metro strategy. The solid waste management process is effective in the Baulkham hills and it is ensured that transportation costs are reduced while wastes are taken to the land-filing sites. While the land-filling process is carried out, it is ensured that emission of methane gas which has the potential to harm the environment and cause global warming is controlled. The local government in the Baulkham hills of the New South Wales encourages that throughout the development process in the region of the hills public transport, pedestrian trips and bicycles are used so that energy in the transportation process is efficiently used. In Sydney and New South Wales, urbanization and metro strategy has led to the development of many industries and global companies. It is ensured that accounting practices in the Companies have changed over time and these organizations have started focusing on long term sustainability issues and publish sustainability reports. The business organizations ensure that they focus on people and planet of the Triple Bottom Line rather so that they not only create short term profitability for shareholders but can create value for stakeholders in the long run. Forces against sustainability and development The urbanization and metro strategy in Sydney and New South Wales has led to crisis of housing. This crisis has affected the people with low income and people of the region have moved to coastal areas due to high price of property in the region. There has been lack of education related to investment in residential property among the inhabitants of the Baulkham hills of the New South Wales and Sydney, while the urban development and metro strategy and lower government rates in the region has promoted investment in residential property from the foreign countries like China. Urban policies should address the issue of unevenness between the supply of land and demand for land, urban sprawling which is unsustainable should be stopped and the government should focus on making housing affordable. Homelessness impacts the physical and mental health of inhabitants of the region and this is a sustainability challenge that should be addresses. The urban development and metro strategy should consider the overall health of the young population. The rate of suicide and domestic violence are common and government should address sustainability challenges related to urban development and metro strategy in Baulkham hills of NSW and the Sydney region like promoting protection from sun to avoid skin cancer, controlling eating disorder and enhancing the mental health and welfare of people. Public transport infrastructure is not effectively utilized by the technology and business parks and these business centers are not located on the route of public transport in the Baulkham hills of the New South Wales. Proper identification of the skills of the local population of the Baulkham hills is not done resulting in scarcity of local jobs. The need of employment is a sustainability concern for the inhabitants of the Baulkham hills which should be addressed. Urbanization and Metro strategy in the Baulkham hills have caused an increasing carbon footprint in the region. There are serious threats posed by the infrastructural development to the environment like polluted air and water, increase of gases like carbon dioxide leading to global warming, dependence on cars and non-renewable resources, depletion of ozone layer which are forces against sustainability and should be addressed immediately. While urbanization and infrastructure development is carried out, residents of the Baulkham hills of New South Wales are often exposed to hazardous chemicals which are a force against sustainability and should be addressed. The urban development and metro strategy in the region often fails to preserve the biodiversity in the region which is a sustainability issue that should be addressed (Bell and Morse 2008). The forces against sustainability are that the diverse housing needs of the residents of the Baulkham hills are not addressed. The population of the Baulkham hills of NSW and Sydney comprises of people with disabilities and ageing population and the inability of the government to cater to the needs of this type of population is extremely important. The forces against sustainability in the urban development and Metro Strategy in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales are also the ageing population in the workforce. The government should make more effort to understand the skills of the youth and include them in the workforce. The ageing population is also a part of the dependent population which largely survives on the pension scheme of the government and contributes very less towards the economy of the country. Though the ageing population should be protected as a sustainability measure, however youth should be trained as sustainable citizens (Peterson 2004). Recommendations From the report, it can be concluded that the biggest sustainability challenge in the Sydney, NEW South Wales and Baulkham hills is the increase of interest rates, soaring rise of residential property which leads to threats of sustainability like homelessness among the residents with low income category in the region. The government should plan projects of housing and the lending rated of the bank should be minimized to make residential housing affordable for people. The sustainability challenge faced by the residents of the Baulkham hills is that there is scarcity of local jobs and the residents have to travel long distances for education and employment. This sustainability challenge can be addressed by developing the infrastructure in the region, better transportation facility should be created and the economic corridor and business parks should be well developed in the region so that residents of Baulkham hills do not have to travel to places far away from their home for working. Entrepreneurship should be promoted and skill based jobs should be created in the region. Development of infrastructure like Information Technology can enable people of the Baulkham hills to work from home. The sustainability challenges can be addressed in the Baulkham hills, New South Wales and Sydney by creating a culture of sustainability among people from an early age. The schools and universities play a vital role in addressing the issues of sustainability. The curriculum of the Universities and educational institutions should include subjects and activities related to sustainability. The urban development and metro strategy in the Baulkham hills of New South Wales and Sydney has increased reliability on private cars and thus fuel prices have increased in the region. The government should address this issue by creating facilities for public transport and by making public transportation affordable in Sydney. The cost of gas and fuel can be reduced if government encourages residents to opt for eco-friendly medium of travel like walking and usage of bicycles. The carbon footprint should be reduced and it should be ensured that the government adopts better energy management procedures and makes use of renewable energy throughout the process of urbanization. Reference Lists Ahmed, A.; Raitu, C. and Anderson, B. 2016 Sustainable development : a question of identity [electronic resource]. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Source: https://uwsau.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p= 4g=Necho=1userid=AMHCJknegao%2bQvVomAZVOA%3d%3d tstamp=9id=9BA338A1D6CAF51DB578F725EDEE53D2AF5D4C16 Bell, S. and Morse, S., 2008.Sustainability indicators: measuring the immeasurable?. Earthscan. Fakhimi, M., 2016.A generic hybrid modelling and simulation framework for sustainable development analysis in healthcare context(Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey (United Kingdom)). Galtung, J., 2003. What did people predict for the year 2000 and what happened?.Futures,35(2), pp.107-121.Galtung, J. (2004). Imagining global democracy. Development and Change, 35 (5), 1073- 1079. Higgins, C., Milne, M.J. and Van Gramberg, B., 2015. The uptake of sustainability reporting in Australia.Journal of Business Ethics,129(2), pp.445-468. Hobson, K., 2003. Consumption, environmental sustainability and human geography in Australia: a missing research agenda?.Geographical Research,41(2), pp.148-155. Lawrence, K. and McMANUS, P.H.I.L., 2008. Towards household sustainability in Sydney? Impacts of two sustainable lifestyle workshop programs on water consumption in existing homes.Geographical Research,46(3), pp.314-332. Pearce, D., Barbier, E. and Markandya, A., 2013.Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Peterson, M., 2004. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.Journal of Macromarketing,24(1), pp.78-79. Thehills.nsw.gov.au/Services/Our-Community. 2017.Baulkham hills. [online] Available at: https://www.thehills.nsw.gov.au/Services/Our-Community [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]

Are all instincts random and arbitrary

Are all instincts random and arbitrary Human instincts are the innate characteristics that determine specific behaviors while instincts are innate abilities of human beings or animals, which enable them to adapt to diverse and changing environmental conditions for survival purposes. Human beings or animals respond to unique environments depending on the instincts that direct them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are all instincts random and arbitrary? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, when a baby is born, the instinctive responses are crying and sucking, which enable the baby to attract attention of the mother and satisfy hunger respectively. In animals, young ones of birds display instinctive behavior of flying without prior experience. These instinctive behaviors emanate from innate characteristics. Since instincts are innate and specific to certain characteristic behaviors, not all of them are random and arbitrary. Although environment modi fies some instinctive behaviors, others emanate exclusively from the innate characteristics. According to nativists, â€Å"all aspects of human behavior are instinctive and humans have inbuilt instinctive behaviors that are genetically determined †¦ we are born with certain core capabilities and knowledge that provide the basic the basic structure of learning† (Spink 2). Genes are responsible for the specific instincts that are unique to human beings or animals. Within species, instincts are similar due to the similarity of genetic information. On the other hand, species’ variability of instincts occurs due to the diversity of genetic information. Since instincts are innate and specific to certain characteristics, they can never be random and arbitrary because the genetic information dictates them. The genetic makeup defines specific instincts relative to their application in nature. Human beings portray instinctive behaviors that are not arbitrary. For instance, all babies have instinctive behavior of suckling in order to satisfy their hunger. Spink argues that, â€Å"babies engage in sucking behavior that generally emerges unprompted, although some babies have problems with sucking, it is an innate or instinctive behavior† (1). This shows that sucking is a natural instinct, not arbitrary, because all babies have the innate ability of doing it. If the ability of the babies to breastfeed were a random instinct, then, some babies would be unable to breastfeed while others would learn in order to breastfeed properly. Therefore, the ability of babies to breastfeed instinctively and in a uniform manner means that instincts are specific rather than random in controlling human behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Language development in human beings is instinctive because children can develop it without learning. An informati on behavior is an instinctive process of language development. According to Spink, â€Å"†¦it is a cognitive process that is not taught, but is innate to humans as people are able to consciously understand that they need to undertake behavior processes of information finding, organizing, and using to make sense of their environment (2). Therefore, language development can never be an arbitrary process since human beings use rational and logical minds to understand their environment and to generate information. Animals also depict that, instincts link intricately with the innate characteristic behaviors. For example, all birds have instinctive ability to fly due to innate characteristics of their genes. A young bird begins to fly when wings’ muscles mature while the instincts drive the bird to fly. If the instincts were random and arbitrary, some birds would not be flying while others would have unique abilities such as walking instead of flying. Therefore, not all insti ncts are random and arbitrary because they are innate and specific in their functions. Spink, Amanda. â€Å"Instinct Versus Environment.† Springer Journal of information  Behavior 11.85. (2010): 1-10.

Scientific Research essays

Scientific Research essays When scientific research began it was all for the benefit of mankind. Scientists were not worried about profit from their findings they were worried about discovering new things that would help improve our world or our health. They were also interested in discovering new things so that our world could learn about life on earth many years ago. Although they still have the same goal in mind it seems like the only thing on their mind is how much money they will get from discovering new things or being able to explain what was once unexplainable. It all started after Watson and Crick deciphered the structure of DNA. The world was amazed with how this discovery could benefit mankind. However, many years later Watson and Crick's colleagues were involved in a different type of research. Molecular genetic research had became a multibillion dollar enterprise. It was after this time that new scientific companies were starting to arise everywhere. There was a new one announced almost every week. The scientists were now wanting to do research for profit instead of for the benefit of mankind. Every scientist was trying to discover something bigger and better than the next one. I feel like this is a tragedy for our world today. The people that we trust to help cure us and make our world a better place is more concerned with the money and the publicity rather than solely on the safety of our people. They are working daily on new discoveries with no one at all watching them to ensure that everything is done correctly. One example that comes to mind is the medicine Vioxx and all its related medicines. They have just now discovered that these medicines are causing heart problems, strokes, and even deaths. In my opinion if the scientists would have took more time to research this medicine then so many people would not have become ill from it. Yet those are the types of scientists that ...

Challenges in recovery of mental health client Essay

Challenges in recovery of mental health client - Essay Example The depiction in the text is protected and the inferences are not aimed at anyone whatsoever. The paper is a reflection of study on the addictions in the country. The victim of the study is fictitious and used based on education with reference to drug abuse. Addictions are resultant to the use of substance initially pleasurable but the continued use becomes obsessive and hampers with ordinary life errands like work and health or relationships. When out of control, it affects the people around you directly or indirectly (Taite & Scharff, 2013, 25). Ms. M has been in the country for 30 years as an illegal immigrant after getting into the country through the Mexican border with the aim of making a good life in the land of opportunities. This client is 46 years of age, and Latina of descent. She started working as a bartender at a local bar near her residence before she had become an addict of the substances. She is a mother of two children one who died from an OD and the other daughter is stable and working for the government and isolated herself from the habits of her mother. She blames the mother for the death of her sister. Her drug abuse led her into debt and bad choices where she lost her home and a place to leave (Rassool, & Gafoor, 2007). She has been struggling in the streets of New York moving from shelter to shelter. She no longer works and has to scavenge for a drug handout from the dealers who give her under the regulations (Boyd, 2007). Ms. M came to the center to apply for rehabilitation after opting to find refuge to the prevalent case of drug abuse in the life she leads. MS. M is began to express her thought in the life she leads was not very sustaining as pertains to the age she was now. Her social life has been dysfunctional since she started to consume many different drugs with the aim of getting high. She gradually graduated from the simple marijuana to cocaine and went into the use of crystal meth. The abuse of drugs has made Ms. M looks older than actually is since the drugs are taking most of her money and little goes into her health. She does not have any medical insurance. She asserts that she is determined to get help ad has enrolled in a local hospital after being rejected severally. Her emotional detachment from her daughter who is still alive does not seem to bother her since she says she does not want to hurt herself emotionally (Dossey & Keegan, 2009). She has the urge to reconnect but the daughter has not yet agreed to come to terms with the mother. The greatest obstacle M faces are the change in the lifestyle she is used to, now she lives with a dealer who is sometimes the boyfriend and uses the drugs as an advantage to having her do his bid. At times, she is forced to take the drugs since they are flaunted in front of her. She asserts that her devotion is tested by the social circle she dwells (Peabody, 2013). She says that the worst and saddening time of her life was when she would give her body to get a do se of the drug and that would always lead to her getting raped by the dealers. Ms. M has been struggling with the addiction from abuse of drugs and specifically crystal meth, which she was hooked on recently. She has the courage to overcome the drug abuse and the social circles that make her life miserable. The use of crystal meth was the last option she had after her struggle with cash proved stronger. Present issues M has been using the drug for more than 20 years where she had drug

Exemplification Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exemplification Assignment - Essay Example Villagers were also jealous to him. One day it so happened that the horse was missing from its place. Villagers reminded him that how he missed a big fortune that he could have amassed from the king. Without horse now he had turned a pauper that was what villagers called him. It was a big misfortune in the eyes of villagers. The farmer accepted the fact that he had certainly lost the horse and that was all. Nothing could be made out of the event that whether he had gone pauper or not. A week had gone by then and suddenly one day the horse returned. In fact, he was simply lost in the woods on his own. This time he came with a battalion of many more horses. Villagers commented, "You have struck even a bigger fortune; now you can sell these horses and garner even a larger sum from the king†. Again, the farmer reminded him about the uncertainty. "No one knows what is going to happen". One day, while riding one of the horses that had come from the woods, his young and only son got h is ankle fractured. All villagers gathered and commented, "what a misfortune; your son is the only support in your old age and the whole life your son will now live a miserable life. This pet horse of yours has brought a biggest misfortune for you. Had he not gone in the woods and brought more wild horses with him perhaps, your son would not have suffered from this casualty". On this, the farmer reminded them, â€Å"Life is so uncertain that to form any views is not wisdom†. It so happened that after a few days, a king from neighborhood attacked on the farmer’s country. The king that ruled the farmer’s village was not fully equipped so he ordered all young boys between age 18 and 25 to join the army immediately. The king’s men visited farmer’s home to take his son along with many other young boys from the village. Having seen that the farmer’s son had broken his ankle and he was of no use to them they spared him. His son was saved off from g oing to the war. The villagers again gathered and told the farmer, â€Å"Your pet horse has been really fortunate to you. It is because of the horse that your son has been let off to go to the war while each one of us has been forced to send our sons to the battle field and we don’t know what would happen to them whether they would come back alive or not†. The moral of the story is that life is full of uncertainties and people continue to toss between fortune and misfortune, good and bad throughout their life. The uncertainty principle is not limited to one's life; in fact, it applies to all natural events too. That is what known as Chaos theory that speaks about extreme complexities in nature. The chaos theory is based on the premise that very simple system or events can give birth to very complex behaviors or events (Chaos Theory for Beginners). Even quantum mechanics encompasses the principle of uncertainty while discussing the momentum or position of a particle â⠂¬â€œ the more accurately the position of a particle is earmarked, the less precisely one can indicate about its position. In simple terms, it means that uncertainty is now an accepted way of life in the realms of science too (The uncertainty Principle). Conclusion I strongly agree with Benjamin’s above aphorism that how our life will progress is entirely uncertain. That understanding gives me inner strength to accept the good and bad

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay The practice of safety in workplace has seen incredible advances as time has gone, due to advancement in technology, although there is still considerable amount of challenges that comes in form of injuries and illnesses (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). This is where ergonomics comes to play a role in making the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology (Wikipedia, 2010). Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient situations at work or in everyday life are avoided by taking account of the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of humans (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). Human health and safety is at optimum range when the workplace environmental parameters are suitable for the employee (Story, 2010). Each year, poorly designed products and workplaces account for thousands of injuries and skyrocketing costs. That is why ergonomics the human factor in product and workplace design is fast becoming a major concern of manufacturers (Gross, 1995). This report is about how is about applying and proper training on the use of ergonomics to everyday workplace can prevent life threatening illnesses, discomfort, accidents, and how employers can save money by reducing costs related to issues like workers compensation, absenteeism and turn over, as it makes operations more efficient by creating work place designs with fewer errors and improve on workplace user friendliness (MacLeod, 1995), with the goal of reducing musculoskeletal discomfort, increase work productivity, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfortable is more productive (Meriano and Latella, 2008). 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this report is to know what ergonomics is all about and how it can be incorporated into the health and safety sector. The objectives of this report are; Reduce risks factors associated with poorly designed work stations and, To design a workplace that is suitable for the human body rather than the human body adapting to workplace. To be able to identify, measure, control and monitor the occupational health hazards/agents in the workplace which may cause ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population, it tends to look into work related problems that poses a risk of musculoskeletal disorders and ways of alleviating them (Cohen et al, 1997). It is also the applied science that is devoted to provide comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of items in the work place (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010), ergonomic intervention can benefit both employer and employee (Meriano and Latella, 2008). The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. A large number of factors play a role in ergonomics; these include body posture and movement, environmental factors, information and operation as well as work organization. Ergonomics differs from other fields by its interdisciplinary approach and applied nature (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). The benefits of ergonomics include job satisfaction and enhanced worker motivation, added problem-solving capabilities, and greater acceptance of change. Involving staffs can help to identify job hazards, suggest ways to control these hazards and working with management in deciding how to put this control in place. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has adequate knowledge of the relation between humans health and humans performance (Schlick, 2009) taking into consideration the job, equipment used and information used (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics). According to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the authorities (legislation), training institutions (universities and colleges), research establishments, the service industry (consultancy) and production sector (occupational health services, personnel departments, design departments, research departments, etc.), they also wrote that the ergonomist highlights the areas where ergonomic knowledge is essential, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises designers, purchasers, management and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients illnesses, he described violent and irregular motions, bent posture and tonic strain on the muscle as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal pains in his patients (Meriano and Latella, 2008). However, in the United Kingdom, ergonomics started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to investigate industrial conditions, particularly of munitions workers, this led to the establishment of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above topic in 1929 because of the expanded scope of work (hours of work, training, accidents, lighting and ventilation, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a small group of research workers at the Admiralty; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the world (Meister, 1999). 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The law serves as a vital function in complex social setting as it provides standards or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behaviour. A breach in this law can be considered violation of the law and the transgressor could face civil or criminal penalties the legal system of every governmental jurisdiction and at every level of organised society must constantly adapt to changing demands, so there has and will be a continuing effusion of controlling laws. It is for this reason that the legal system is based on concepts of human faults. Liability prevention or mitigation is the avoidance of fault by investigation, analysis, evaluation, risk assessment, corrective action, and preventive remedies. The probability of a scientist or engineer having contact with law is high, it is wise to become familiar with the area of entanglement (Marras and Karwowski, 2006), as there are a myriad of roles that can be played in state or federal common law actions, workers compensati on cases, allegations of statutory violations, arbitrations or mediations, government agency hearings, or citations involving Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Vinal, 1999). According to Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974, which is legislation, it states that; it is the duty of the employer to carry out a risk assessment in the work place. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the law and has its consequences. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The fundamental goal of human-centred engineering is to match human characteristics such as body size, strengths and weaknesses, and capabilities and preferences with the relevant attributes of equipment, tasks, and procedure (Kroemer, 2006). The different methods used in the assessment of ergonomics include; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods (Stanton et al., 2005) All these methods make use of the following techniques listed below; Measurement teams Anthropometric techniques Assessing energetic capabilities Assessing muscle strength Assessing mental workload Assessing vision capabilities Systematic gathering of information The ideal field assessment tools used should possess the following attributes; Predictive: the tool should provide predictive measure of risk of musculoskeletal injury, Robust: can be used in any work situation, Inexpensive: tool can be available at minimal monetary cost, Non-invasive: should not affect when worker performs or process work flow, Quick: assessment could be performed quickly, Easy to use: tool could be used with minimal training, (Marras and Karwowski, 2006). 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the purpose of this assessment to be done, several protocols would have to be met. The first thing that would be done is to get a work station that can be used to carry out an ergonomics assessment, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre (LRC) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to get permission to carry out the assessment, the manager approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in completing the task. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of reference in the results. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic risk assessment, measurement of the work station would be taken using a measuring tape and pictures snapped for further evidence of the work station for ergonomics assessment. Ergonomics assessment on the work station would be done on the basis of the task carried out. The task carried ou t in the Help Desk in the LRC involves helping students use the computer systems to locate books in the library and helping to arrange books in shelves. For this reason, there is the need to alternate between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a plan on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Ergonomics Assessment Evaluation Risk Validation Control and monitor Review Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodology of the ergonomic assessment. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The particular work station selected for this ergonomics was carefully observed for the different task carried out to see if there is any problem associated with the work place. Anthropometric technique was used to carry out this work by getting measurements of the work place. 4.1 OBSERVATION: The help desk offered assistance in carrying out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the way work was done and asking questions from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, also photographs were taken to also get a clear picture of how the employee carries out the task. Fig 1: A Staff carrying out her duties on a Visual Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: hazard identification was obtained mainly by asking questions from the employee on the work station, making use of a questionnaire and viewing the work station for possible activities that may cause health disorder(s) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974 demands that the employer should make sure that employers carry out a risk assessment in the work environment to ensure safety of staffs. See result in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the help desk. Hazard Hazard aspect Impact/ Effect Posture Stooped posture (resulting from fatigue and long hours of working) Stiffness of the back, neck, and wrist from working too long on the Visual Display Unit Variety of health problems, like caved shoulders, muscular imbalances, rounding of the upper back and a tendency to lean forward while walking. Incidence of lower back disorders. Movement Twisting of the waist, neck, stretching the hand and holding in that position for a long time (straining muscles in the hand) Pain and strain on neck muscles and waist. Stress on muscles of the arms while stretching causes fatigue of the arm muscle. Visual Display Unit (VDU), keyboard and mouse. Fixed position of the neck when staring at the VDU, and stress on fingers from too much typing, twisting and flexing of the wrist when handling the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some eye defects that he/she was not aware of. Straining of the arms to reach the mouse and twisting of the wrist to get to the keyboard and grabbing the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Ergonomics assessment on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate score as it accommodates the employee and has a low risk level. Below is a table of the total ergonomic risk factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions (Sitting) 0 pts 2 pts 4 pts √ if 20 secs + X 3 if static Neck (Flexion) bending head forward √ √ 6 Moderate Shoulders (Raising elbows) √ √ 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands √ √ 6 Moderate Back (flexion) bending forward at the hips √ √ 12 High Hiking Shoulders √ √ 0 Low Twisting (incorrectly with feet stationary) √ √ 0 Low Table 3: Task factor Evaluation Task Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low √ Moderate High 0 Vibration Low √ Moderate High 0 Lighting Good √ Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable √ Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Risk Factor total on the work station. Risk Factor total Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 pts 2 pts 4pts Work Positions 0 7 8 15 16 pts+ = 4 High (8-12) Task factors 0 8 9 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate (4 7) Lifting 0 7 8 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low (0 3) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Descriptor Consequence Control 0-3 LOW Little or no complaints of muscle aches and pains Taking of short time breaks 4-7 MODERATE Stress and fatigue on muscles which is tolerable Selection of an employee to monitor how tasks are being carried out 8-12 HIGH Work Musculoskeletal disorder, static load on muscles leads to painful fatigue on muscles Reduction of work that can cause musculoskeletal disorder and training of staffs to become more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to musculoskeletal disorders. Below is a sketch on the work station used in the LRC, measured in cm. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measurement of the work station. The sketch above can be compared to the British standard dimension to know if the measured work station meets up with the standard. Table 6: Work place measurement compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension (5th 95th Percentile (mixed Population 19 65 yrs) Popliteal height 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height (Popliteal height + Sitting Elbow height) 72cm 68.5cm Sitting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back rest 48cm RISK VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and review of the work station, and everything put in order, information and training of employees there may still be a problem that can pose as a threat to the work place. This can be seen in workers habit; sitting forward on the chair, sitting in the middle of the chair, leaning on arm rest and back rest, arms resting on the table are some examples of employees habit, and this can result in intervertebral disc injuries and back problems as the muscles of the back are easily stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To control occupational health and safety risks, improvement of performance and benefits in work places in order to eliminate or minimize risk to employees and other interested parties exposed to risks associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, maintain and continually improve occupational health and safety in the work place. The following can be used to control and monitor on-going activities and tasks in the work place; Avoid Unnatural Posture: bending the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than bending forward The working area should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand grip, materials and tools should be arranged in such a way that the most frequent movements are carried out with the elbows bent and near to the body. Manipulations can be made easier by using supports under the elbows, forearms or hands. Padded/soft warm materials that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is essential that the workplace should be suited to the body size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural postures and movements are a necessary part of efficient work. Neck and head posture: head and neck should not be bent forward by more than thirty degrees when the trunk is erect, else fatigue and troubles may occur. 4.6 REVIEW Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to position themselves whilst working, there is need to review work practice every three months to ensure and enforce that the mode of working is still in place to avoid injuries that may have built up with time. 4.7 RECOMMENDATION After measuring the work station and comparing with the British standard measurement, it is recommended that the chair (adjustable) should be adjusted to fit the user so as to get the comfortability needed in order not to stress and strain muscles in the back and feet. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in place to the comfort of the operator, to reduce tension and strain to the eyes, hands and wrist ERGONOMICS POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS POLICY: The purpose of this policy is to endeavour staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work place with the aim of ensuring a safe working environment as well as to bring health hazard to a minimum. It is the managements responsibility to carry out duties under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other legislation including amendments to ensure safe working practices and work environment. For this reason, the help desk shall abide to the following guidelines; Ergonomics efforts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the help desk in Learning Resource Centre (LRC) to ensure a safe and healthy work place environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in making sure that ergonomic improvement is realised. (Joint effort of managers, supervisors, employees and other supporting staffs) Designation of post to a responsible employee to check that workers are well positioned, to prevent Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about ergonomics and its risk factors can help to reduce cost of treatment of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a year to ensure that the health conditions of the employees are in order, to reduce money spent on treating employees for work related musculoskeletal disorders. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and trainings and in written form. 5.2 CONCLUSION After a thorough ergonomic examination of the help desk in the LRC, and assessing the working environment, proper ergonomics evaluation was done and control measures put in Place as well as a policy for the safety and health of the employees so as to reduce chances of the risk of having a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal disorder. Control measures used after ergonomic assessment and risk validation was carried out is to help in reducing the chances of getting a work related musculoskeletal disorder and cost of treatment from injuries sustained (if any at all, considering the tolerable amount derived from the evaluation and chances of any injury sustained, this is as a result of proper training of the staffs).

Consolidation in Banking Essay

1.Introduction In our daily life , we can receive banking service from banks and branches whose headquarters may from different city, region or nation . This is because banking consolidation has improved banking expansion in the past decades. It is a fact that many banks regard consolidation as a strategy for their growth and development in new market . Consolidation usually consist of mergers and acquisitions. The former one means two independent companies combine as a new one ,the latter one means a bank has a controlling interest in other firms but they still remain independently. (Heffernan, 2005 ) The following part of the article will be divided in third parts. The first part will focus the reasons , trends and effects of consolidation in banking industry. The second part is mainly about the benefits and disadvantages of consolidations for the industry and society. The last part is evaluation about challenges consolidation bring to the regulators. 2.Consolidation in Banking Sector 2.1. Reasons for Consolidation in the Financial Sector There are lots of issues concerning about banking consolidation. The basic one is the motivation. Why banks want to mergers and acquisitions? DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux think the primary reason for banking consolidation is financial and technological innovations in the industry ( DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux,2009) . This is concerned to be a significant factor because after a wave of new technology, the structure in the industry will change since all banks make changes to fit to innovations. Thus many small banks struggle to survive or go bankruptcy after innovations, finally they decide to consolidation to get better development. To the larger banks, they are stronger in competition, they are willing to consolidate with those smaller banks to be more competitive in the market . However, Researches show that technologies spread to small banks rapidly because of third-party technology vendors and decreasing costing of technology delivery in recent years. (Frame and White ,2004; cited in DeYoung ,2007 ). Therefore this cannot be regard as an significant reason now. Some researchers argue that the better explanation for banking consolidation is the relationship paradigm between market power and profitability (market-power theory). (Shepherd ,1982 and Berger ,1995. Cited in Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005 ). They address that in banking industry, â€Å" firms with large market shares can reach the minimum economic scale of operations to develop a differentiated base of products which can be priced at a premium to obtain extraordinary profits(efficiency-structure hypothesis).† ( Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005, p85).Due to this reason, in order to earn more profits , banks want to increase market shares. Mergers and acquisitions are the most important way for corporate restructuring and enlarge corporate scale in new markets.

Global Citizenship †Towards a Definition

Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition Taso G. Lagos Copyright protected under Taso G. Lagos. Permission to cite should be directed to the author. Abstract: Global protest activity is on the rise. Demonstrations in Seattle in 1999, Genoa in 2001 and in dozens of other sites brought activists together from around the world and localized global issues in unprecedented ways. These and other activities suggest the possibility of an emerging global citizenry. Individuals from a wide variety of nations, both in the North and South, move across boundaries for different activities and reasons.This transnational activity is facilitated by the growing ease of travel and by communication fostered by the Internet and telephony. While it is hard to quantify these numbers, or to give global citizens a legally defined political status, these qualifications do not obviate the existence and influence of transnational activists seeking new institutional forms in an interdependent world. We e xamine global citizens as active political, social, environmental or economic agents in an interdependent world in which new institutional forms beyond nations are beginning to emerge.Introduction: By itself, citizenship has certain legal and democratic overtones. Conceptually, it is wrapped up in rights and obligations, and in owing allegiance to a sovereign state whose power is retained by the citizenry but with rights that are shared by all members of that state. We distinguish â€Å"citizen† from â€Å"national† or â€Å"subject,† the latter two implying protection of a state. Citizenship, as it has come down to us via the ancient Greeks and Romans, via the Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions, is tied into the emergence of members of a polity with specified privileges and duties.To speak of a â€Å"citizen† is thus to speak of individuals with distinct relationships to the state, along with the social status and power these relation ships imply. The lift the citizen concept into the global sphere presents difficulties, not least of which is that global citizens are not legal members in good standing with a sovereign state. More importantly, there are no recognizable privileges and duties associated with the concept that would envelop global citizenship with the status and power (in an ideal world) currently associated with national citizenship.Since modern nation-states are the repositories and main expression of citizenship, discussion of global citizenship necessarily dictates an existence outside the body politic as we know it. If we follow Preston’s (1997) model of citizenship (â€Å"who belongs to the polity, how the members of the polity in general are regarded and how they exercise power†), then global citizenship cannot be expressed in any legal sense. It is, however, expressed in other ways that may have a significant and profound impact on the development of civic engagement and citizen- state relations.Three examples are worth mentioning. Since January 1, 2000, negotiations amongst WTO member states regarding the movement of professionals to and from member countries has taken place, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, Article XIX. While this does not signal de facto recognition of trans-national citizens, it may indicate halting steps toward it. This is all the more significant given that around the globe there is greater and easier movement of goods than human beings.The European Community has taken halting steps to change this: it allows the free movement of its peoples to live, work, pay taxes and, significantly, to vote in other member states. Habermas (1994) notes this as a utilitarian model that may have greater implications than merely for Europeans; it is possible the model may be expanded in other regions of the world, or to the entire world itself. The ability of a Spaniard to pick up and move to Germany and be a â€Å"citizen† there indicates that notions of ties a country of origin may weaken.The Spaniard may be quite happy living in Germany and not wish to go back to Spain. Is she still a Spaniard, a German, or now a global citizen? Finally, there is the rising tide of individuals with more than one passport. Where once the U. S. State Department frowned on its citizens carrying more than one passport, the reality is that today that it is turning a blind eye. (In war, this may change). Many immigrants to the U. S. in the 1990s, a decade that saw the largest influx of newcomers to the state, came to work but still retained their old passports.While many immigrants permanently stay in the U. S. , many others either go back to the old country, or travel back and forth. If not global citizens, what label do we give them? T. H. Marshall (1949), in his classic study on citizenship, noted that citizenship as it arose in Western liberal democracies has both positive and negative connotations. In the positive sense, citizenship is an expression of activism on the part of citizens; in its negative quality, it is the freedom from bureaucratic control and intervention.If his theory is true, where does global citizenship fit into it? Very nicely it would seem. A visible expression of global citizenship is the many global activists who debuted spectacularly at the Battle in Seattle. These protestors continue to carry on in other venues, such as at meetings for the World Bank and the IMF, and most recently at the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City. Other activists fight for environmental protection, human rights to the impoverished and the unrepresented, and for restrictions on the use of nuclear power and nuclear weapons.Freedom from bureaucratic intervention seems to be a hallmark of global citizenship; the lack of a world body to sanction and protect these citizens also means to a certain degree freedom from bureaucratic control. To return to our Spaniard, how much control does Spain exercise o ver her when she lives in Germany? Towards a Definition: Since global citizens are not recognized legally, their existence may be best represented as â€Å"associatively. † 1. Global citizenship is less defined by legal sanction than by â€Å"associational† status that is different from national citizenship.Since there is no global bureaucracy to give sanction and protect global citizens, and despite intriguing models suggested by the EU, global citizenship remains the purview of individuals to live, work and play within trans-national norms and status that defy national boundaries and sovereignty. Assocational status in this realm does double duty. It serves to explain a unique characteristic of global citizenship while it also expresses that particular lighthouse of post-modernity known as â€Å"lifestyle politics. (Giddens, 1991, Bennett, 2000, et al) Steenbergen (1994) so far comes closest to explaining this relationship between global citizenry and lifestyle poli tics as more â€Å"sociological† in composition. Rather than a technical definition of a citizen â€Å"on his or her relationship to the state (p. 2), Steenbergen suggests that the global citizen represents a more wholistic version: you choose where you work, live or play, and therefore are not tied down to your land of birth. The greater number of choices offered by modern life (from consumer roducts to politics) lies at the root of lifestyle politics. (Franck, 1999) As Falk (1994) put it, in global citizenship there is the rudimentary institutional construction of arenas and allegiance — what many persons are really identifying with– as no longer bounded by or centred upon the formal relationship that an individual has to his or her own territorial society as embodied in the form of a state. Traditional citizenship is being challenged and remoulded by the important activism associated with this trans-national political and social evolution. 1994: 138) Traditi onal ties between citizen and the state are withering, and are replaced by more fragmented loyalties that explain lifestyle politics. Notions of ties between citizen and state that arose in the aftermath of the American and French Revolution, and the creation of the modern state after the 18th century no longer hold sway. It is not by coincidence, for example, that the first to receive the enfranchisement were adult males who also happened to serve in American and French armies. (Kaspersen, 1998) The citizen army today is replaced by the professional army, and a central cog in the bonds between state and citizen removed.Voting turnout decreases, and the public has low regard for politicians. With such loose ties between citizen and state, does the emergence of global citizenship seem farfetched? Many of newly emerging global citizens are actively engaged in global efforts – whether in business ventures, environmentalism, concern for nuclear weapons, health or immigration prob lems. Rather than citizenship, being the result of rights and obligations granted by a central authority, the lack of such authority gives primacy to the global citizens themselves: not a top-down but a down-up scenario. . While various types of global citizens exist, a common thread to their emergence is their base in grassroots activism. We may identify different types of global citizens, yet many of these categories are best summarized by their emergence despite a lack of any global governing body. It is as if they have spontaneously erupted of their own volition. Falk (1994) identified five categories of global citizens which he named as, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ global reformers elite global business people global environmental managers politically conscious regionalists trans-national activistsWith the exception of global business people, the other categories have grassroots activism at their core. i If the Battle in Seattle is an applicable demonstration, these activists are responsible for their own activism rather than â€Å"granted† by an institution. This earmarks global citizenship as qualitatively different from the national variety, where rights and obligations came (even when fought and protested for) at the behest and generosity of the state. With global citizenship, individuals exercise communicational and organizational tools such as the Internet to make themselves global citizens.No government sanctioned this development. None, it seems, could. Jacobson (1996) noted this fracture of the state as dispenser of citizen rights and obligations, although he sees the decline of overall citizenship as a result. Keck and Sikkink (1998) on the other hand, regard such global activism as a possible new engine of civic engagement. These global activists, or â€Å"cosmopolitan community of individuals† (p. 213) as they call them, transcend national borders and skillfully use pressure tactics against both government and private corporations that make them viable actors on the merging global public sphere. A striking example of this pressure is the well-publicized anti-sweatshop campaign against Nike. Literally dozens of websites are devoted to exposing Nike’s labor practices in manufacturing shoes in overseas factories. In 1996, with the aid of Global Exchange, a humanitarian organization that later helped to organize the Battle in Seattle, Nike’s labor practices became the subject of increasing mainstream media attention. In the process, Nike was linked to sweatshop labor, a label it has tried to shed ever since.Is the Internet central in the development of these emerging global activists? The Internet and other technologies such as the cell phone play an instrumental role in the development of global activists, as do easy and cheap air travel and the wide use and acceptance of credit cards. But there are other forces at work: decline in civic engagement, rise of lifestyle politics, homogen ization of products, conglomeration in media systems and communicational tools that let us know more about each other than ever before.Add to the mix the rising concern for universal human rights and for trans-global problems such as environmental degradation and global warming, the result is a landscape that tends to be more global than national. This is not the first time in the history of our civilization that society has been â€Å"internationalized,† but never has it been easier for average citizen to express herself in this globalized fashion – by the clothes she wears, soda she drinks, music she listens to (e. g. â€Å"world music†) and vacation land she visits.It is increasingly obvious that our identities, as Lie and Servaes (2000) and Scammell (2001) suggest, are tied to our roles as citizens. Scammell’s â€Å"citizen-consumers† vote with their purchases and are engaged in their communities to the extent they have the freedom to shop. Eng agement, in this modern sense, is as audience members at a play clapping at the high points of drama. Can we say this is true of global citizenship? The evidence is scanty to make such judgment; if global activists are replaced by global citizens-consumers the sea change will be complete. 3. Global citizens may redefine ties between civic engagement and geography.The town hall meetings of New England and other regions of the U. S. seem increasingly supplanted by â€Å"electronic spheres† not limited by space and time. This heralds a potentially startling new mechanism in participatory democracy. If we return to the Spaniard living in Germany, what can we say about the geography of community? An output of modernity is greater and greater choice placed upon the individual; the social networks and systems that suited hundreds if not thousands of generations are breaking down in favor of personal choice and individual responsibility.No longer do we entirely rely on the social bul warks of the past: the family, the community, the nation. Life is continually being â€Å"personalized. † Can the Spaniard still be called one while living in Germany? Absentee ballots opened up the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country. The Internet may carry this several steps further. Voting is not limited by time or space: you can be anywhere in the world and still make voting decisions back home. Most of our nation’s history has been bound up in equating geography with sovereignty. It did matter where you lived, worked, played.Since travel was expensive and cumbersome, our lives were tied to geography. No longer can we entirely make this claim. Thompson (1996), writing in the Stanford Law Review, suggests that we can do away with residency and voting in local elections. Frug (1996) even suggests that alienation in the way we regard our geography already creates a disconnect between it and sovereignty. If we are not entirely â€Å"home† at home, do boundaries make any difference anymore? This is not just an academic question, but one rife with rich and disheartening social and political possibilities. Global citizens float within, outside and through these boundaries.The implications seem significant. Many elements seem to spawn global citizenship, but one is noteworthy in this discussion: the continuous tension that globalization has unleashed between various forces local, national and global. An interesting paradox of globalization is while the world is being internationalized at the same time it’s also being localized. The world shrinks as the local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater importance. Mosco (1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of â€Å"technopoles,† or high-technologized city-states that hark back to classical Greece.If this trend is true, and I believe it is, then it seems global citizens are the glue that may hold these separate entities t ogether. Put another way, global citizens are people that can travel within these various layers or boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world. 4. Any rights and obligations accorded to the global citizen come from the citizens themselves, growing public favor for â€Å"universal rights,† the rise of people migrating around the world, and an increasing tendency to standardize citizenship.Difference may exist on the cultural level, but in bureaucracies, increasing favor is placed on uniformity. Efficiency and utilitarianism lie at the core of capitalism; naturally a world that lives under its aegis replicates these tendencies. Postal agreements, civil air travel and other inter-governmental agreements are but one small example of standardization that is increasingly moving into the arena of citizenship. The concern is raised that global citizenship may be closer to a â€Å"consumer† model than a legal one. The lack of a world body puts the initiative upon glob al citizens themselves to create rights nd obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e. g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are at the verge of being expanded. So new concepts that accord certain â€Å"human rights† which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the result of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e. . pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our species’ impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship seems more accessible to them. One cannot overestimate the importance of the rise of human rights discourse within the radar of public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts?Or, incarcerated as part of â€Å"ethnic cleansing? † Equally striking, are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle? Leary (1999), Heater (1999) and Babcock (1994) tend to equate these rights with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations, indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more flexible and inclusive. If true, this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship.Boli (1998) tends to see this strain as mutually beneficial, whereas Leary (1999) and McNeely (1998) regard the rupture between the two systems as merely evolutionary rather than combative. Like much of social change, changing scopes of modern citizenshi p tend to be played out in both large and minute spheres. Habermas (1994) tends to place global citizenship in a larger, social context, arguing that nation-states can be central engines of citizenship but culture can also be a powerful spurt.He regards the formation of the â€Å"European citizen† as a kind of natural epiphany of governmental conglomeration within the forces of globalization, only remotely alluding to the corporate conglomeration that has been both the recipient and cause of worldwide economic expansion. Others, including Iyer (2000) see globalization and global citizens as direct descendents of global standardization, which he notes, for instance, in the growing homogeneity of airports. Standardization and modernity have worked together for the past few centuries.Ellul (1964), Mumford (1963) and other scholars attack this as a form of oppression, in the same vein that Barber (1996) saw the proliferation of carbon-copy fast-food chains around the globe. Why n ot a set of basic citizen rights followed the world over? 5. Global citizenship may be the indirect result of Pax Americana. The 20th century, as well as the 21st, may be a time dominated by the United States. America’s domination of the WTO, IMF, World Bank and other global institutions creates feelings of imperialism among lesser nations.Cross national cooperation to counter American dominance may result in more global citizens. If economic, environmental, political and social factors push towards more global citizenry, we must also within this camp consider the ramifications of the post cold war world, or realpolitik. Modifying Marshall’s metaphor, we may ask if global citizenship is not a response to the changing factors and response against American domination? In the corporate world, conglomeration leads to larger and larger companies who merge to effectively work against other mega corporations. The evolution of the â€Å"UnitedStates of Europe† (in theor y if not in practice) is in a similar vein; a reaction to the dominating power of the U. S. Other regional alliances may yet emerge. Within such trans-national ties may emerge greater acceptance of one another’s citizens, emulating the European model which Habermas, Bellamy (2000), and others so favor. These alliances may provide the bureaucratic backbone to make global citizenry about more than just lifestyles or personal politics. This development would also change the definition of national citizenry; global citizens may come to favor their status over those who have no such designation.Worse, there may emerge two tracks of citizenship: national and global, with the latter being more prestigious. Along with greater separation between rich and poor, educated and not, there would also be those relegated to living out their entire lives in one land, compared to those who freely travel to many. The darker aspects of this are not hard to miss. Clarke’s (1996) contention that citizenship tends to be more exclusive than inclusive would be borne out. Rather than McNeely’s (1998) flexible citizenship, or Preston’s (1997) multiple loyalty model, we get two separate tracks of citizenship that respond to prestige, wealth and power.Global citizens may be so favored that nations fight to attract them to their land, similar to today’s fight for corporate sites. Conclusion: To concretize what appears an amorphous concept – global citizenship – presents dangers, not least of which is the tendency towards speculation. Spending some time at an airport, especially one of the many airline frequent flyer lounges, reveals that global citizens exist and are a growing number. Within my own Greek immigrant community in Seattle, for example, there are several Greeks who split the year living between Greece and the U.S. I am hard pressed to call them either Greeks or Americans, since they do not fit neatly into either category (not that most ever do). Higher living standards than ever before in civilization’s history allow these dualities to exist. Increasingly, we put them into the camp of global citizenship. Capitalism, and the consumeristic child it has spawned, is particularly good at offering choices, and global citizenship may simply be another facet of this tendency, or what Bennett (unpublished, 2001) and other allude to as lifestyle politics.Any discussion on global citizenship thus must take into account the changing political climate of a globalized world. Scholars have already noted the emerging power struggle between corporations and global activists who increasingly see the nexus of de facto governance taking place more and more within the corporate world (and as mediated by communication technologies like the Internet) and not in the halls of representative government. Hence, the tendency on the part of activists to promote rallies and events like the protests at WTO, as more effective means of citizen participation and democratic accountability.The rise of security concerns as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11 have curiously both grown the importance of national states as well fostered more internationalism. U. S. President George W. Bush who during his election had difficulty remembering the names of heads of states has suddenly transformed into an internationalist with deep concerns for the affairs of other states. While this may be a temporary event with political overtones, the events of 9/11 suggest that the world has become more international than ever before.Whether global citizenship will follow in its wake is problematical. It is simply too early to tell. The role that global citizenship plays in this changing political landscape is a murky one. Yet the fact that there is a growing body of global citizens and their influence is increasingly felt on the world’s political stage indicates the need to observe and study these individuals in e arnest. The attempt to begin developing a definition of global citizenship is a small step towards understanding their presence and influence better. iA case can be made to add academics, sports and artists in categories, but I shy away from this since their overall numbers tend to be small, if not limited. The world it seems can only support so many traveling artists and sport stars, and so a ceiling may be placed on their populations. Also, some concern is raised here regarding other globalists, such as those working for the UN, for example, but again, I tend to shy away from their categorization since their numbers can never expand beyond a limited population (given the resources of the organization, etc. . 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